In general, the long head of the biceps brachii originates from the superior glenoid labrum and the supraglenoid tubercle, crosses the rotator cuff interval, and extends into the bicipital groove. However, rare anatomic variations of the origins of the long head have been reported in the past. In this report, we review the clinical history, radiologic findings, and arthroscopic identifications of 3 anatomic variants of the biceps tendon long head. As the detection of long head of biceps tendon pathology during preoperative radiologic assessment can be difficult without prior knowledge, surgeons should be aware of such possible anatomic variations.
Anatomic Variation ; Head* ; Pathology ; Rotator Cuff ; Shoulder ; Tendons

BACKGROUND: The laparoscopic cholecystectomy has become the treatment of choice for the majority of patients with cholecystopathy. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the safety and the efficacy of the laparoscopic cholecystectomy by reviewing of the case histories of three hundred ten consecutive patients treated with a laparoscopic cholecystectomy. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the initial 310 laparoscopic cholecystectomies performed at the Department of General Surgery, Sun General Hospital, from May 1993 to December 1998. Sex, age, associated diseases, previous history of abdominal operation, duration of operation, reason for conversion to open cholecystectomy, hospital stay, and postoperative complications were analyzed. RESULTS: The postoperative diagnosis was chronic cholecystitis in 213 patients, acute cholecystitis in 53 patients, cholesterolosis in 17 patients, gallbladder (GB) empyema in 13 patients, acalculous cholecystitis in 9 patients, and gallbladder carcinomas in 3 patients. The common associated diseases were diabetes mellitus and hypertension. The mean durations of operation, diet, and hospital stay were 77.6 minutes. 1.2 days, and 5 days, respectively. The mean numbers of drainages and injected analgesics were 0.8 and 1.6, respectively. Conversion to an open cholecystectomy was necessary in 8 of the 310 patients (2.6%) who underwent a laparoscopic cholecystectomy either because of severe adhesion (n=6), difficulty with anatomic identification in Calot's triangle (n=1), or severe GB empyema (n=1). The overall postoperative complication rate was 2.6% (8/310). A laparotomy was not required for the treatment of bleeding (5 cases) and residual stones (2 cases). There was no bile duct injury. One patient who had a cerebral infarction died of a cerebrovascular accident. CONCLUSION: We conclude that for benign cholecystopathy the laparoscopic cholecystectomy can be safe and feasible treatment with low morbidity.
Acalculous Cholecystitis ; Analgesics ; Bile Ducts ; Cerebral Infarction ; Cholecystectomy ; Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic* ; Cholecystitis ; Cholecystitis, Acute ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Diagnosis ; Diet ; Empyema ; Gallbladder ; Hemorrhage ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Laparotomy ; Length of Stay ; Postoperative Complications ; Retrospective Studies ; Solar System ; Stroke

Thoracoscopic esophagectomy can be performed in esophageal diseases to reduce the postoperative complications. Recently, We encountered a case of esophageal cancer and successfully treated it by thoracoscopic esophagectomy with gastric pull-up. A 59-year-old male was presented with swallowing difficulty and an esophagogram, esophagoscopy, and chest CT showed an ulcerating tumor on the lower esophagus. The operation was performed in three stages: mobilization of the esophagus by thoracoscopic surgery, construction of a gastric tube through a laparotomy, and cervical anastomosis between the esophagus and the gastric pull-through. Hoarseness developed postoperatively, and the postoperative esophagogram showed leakage at the esophagogastric anastomotic site. The anastomotic leakage was healed following surgical drainage and the patient was discharged in good health. Hoarseness subsided spontaneously two months after surgery.
Anastomotic Leak ; Deglutition ; Drainage ; Esophageal Diseases ; Esophageal Neoplasms* ; Esophagectomy* ; Esophagoscopy ; Esophagus ; Hoarseness ; Humans ; Laparotomy ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Postoperative Complications ; Thoracoscopy ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Ulcer

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study A was to determine the incidence of Terson's syndrome. The purpose of the study B was to assess the outcome of vitrectomy for Terson's syndrome. METHODS: In the study A, We have examined fundus by direct ophthalmoscope in 96 eyes of 62 persons with subarachnoid hemorrhage, subdural hemorrhage and epidural hemorrhage from March 2000 to June 2001. If we needed more examination, further evaluation was performed. In the study B. We have examined 8 eyes with Terson's syndrome retrospectively from 1997 to 2000. Visual outcome of operation was examined. RESULTS: A. The incidence of Terson's syndrome was 4.3% (4 eyes by 96eyes). Other ophthalmic findings were retinal hemorrhage (1 eye), central retinal artery occlusion (1 eye) and optic atrophy (1 eye). B. The final visual acuity was over 0.5 in 5 of 8 eyes and Visual acuity improved at a full cases postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of Terson's syndrome was 4.3%. The final visual acuity of Terson's syndrome was relatively good. Therefore, We must closely examine the fundus of patient with subarachoid hemorrhage, subdural hemorrhage and epidural hemorrhage patients. and We can also perform vitrectomy for vitreous hemorrhage, if Terson's syndrome is suspected.
Hematoma, Subdural ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Incidence* ; Ophthalmoscopes ; Optic Atrophy ; Retinal Artery Occlusion ; Retinal Hemorrhage ; Retrospective Studies ; Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ; Visual Acuity ; Vitrectomy ; Vitreous Hemorrhage

PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical results of isovolemic hemodilution for central retinal vein occlusion and branch retinal vein occlusion patients. METHODS: We have done phlebotomy and then infused same volume of hydroxyethyl starch to 6 CRVO and 5 BRVO patients, and control group(5 CRVO, 9 BRVO) was observed. We have checked hematocrit the next day. If the hematocrit was reached to final target, we stopped the hemodilution therapy. Anterior segment examination, visual acuity, fundus photography, fluorescein angiography, laboratory test was done. and compare the preoperative value to postoperative result. RESULTS: The final visual acuity improved in 10 eyes undergoing isovolemic hemodilution and control group 12 eyes. In fluorescein angiography, Arm to retina time is about 19.03+/-10.86%, venous filling time is 14.80+/-8.57%. The average reduction of hemoglobin is 22.12+/-4.33%, hematocrit is 22.74+/-4.71%. In laboratroy test, platelet, triglyceride, phospholipid, CSR, HDL is reduced. CONCLUSIONS: The retinal blood flow was improved by hemodilution in CRVO and BRVO patients. But further investigation and long-term follow up result was needed in this study.
Arm ; Blood Platelets ; Fluorescein Angiography ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hematocrit ; Hemodilution* ; Humans ; Phlebotomy ; Photography ; Retina ; Retinal Vein Occlusion ; Retinal Vein* ; Retinaldehyde* ; Starch ; Triglycerides ; Visual Acuity

PURPOSE: We exprienced two cases of Endophthalmitis caused by Enterococcus fecalis in phacoemulsification and foldable IOL(intraocular lens) implantation. The endophthalmitis caused by Enterococcus fecalis is very rare disease. In Korea, no case has been reported. METHODS: The patient invited the hospital at each 1, 7 days after phacoemulsification and IOL implantation. We have done anterior chamber paracentesis. Enterococcus fecalis was founded in culture. We have done systemic IV antibiotics, fortified topical antibiotics, intravitreal antibiotics injection and pars plana vitrectomy at each 3, 7 day after symptom was appeared. RESULTS: The final visual acuity of one patient was 0.15, but the final visual acuity of the other patient was hand motion in 30cm. CONCLUSIONS: Visual prognosis of Enterococcus fecalis endophthalmitis is not good. Early vitrectomy is good in visual outcome than retard operation.
Anterior Chamber ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Endophthalmitis* ; Enterococcus* ; Hand ; Humans ; Korea ; Paracentesis ; Phacoemulsification ; Prognosis ; Rare Diseases ; Visual Acuity ; Vitrectomy

No abstract available.
Carcinoma, Renal Cell* ; Nephrons*

PURPOSE: we clinically measured the temperature rise in real time and analyzed the difference of albino rabbit and pigmented rabbit in use of the specially designed thermometer. METHODS: Specially designed thermometer was attached into the subretinal pigment epithealial and choroidal space through the suprachoroidal space in three pigment and three albino rabbits, with diode laser of 810 nm wave length, 3 mm spot size. We examined the retinal temperature according to laser irradiance power at each ten seconds during sixty seconds and the laser power setting was 200 mW, 300 mW, 400 mW in pigmeted rabbit and 300 mW, 600 mW, 800 mW in albino rabbit. We analyzed the results based on the measurements at least three times per each irradiance power. RESULTS: In albino rabbit, the maximal range of retinal temperature change was 1.2 degrees C and 1.7 degrees C in 300 mW and 600 mW, 14.1 degrees C in 800 mW power of 810 nm diode laser irradiance. In pigmented rabbit, the maximal range of retinal temperature change was 12.1 degrees C in 200 mW of laser irradiance power, 16.2 degrees C in 300 mW, 24.3 degrees C in 400 mW during sixty seconds in 810 nm diode laser. CONCLUSIONS: We investigated the ratinal temperature at transpupillary thermotherapy in 810 nm wavelength diode laser on rabbits. The difference of retinal temperature change was in accordance with the amount of chorioretinal melanin pigment. Therefore if the laser power setting used in caucasians would be attempted in orientals, it is the point to be considered during transpupillary thermotherapy.
Choroid ; Hyperthermia, Induced* ; Lasers, Semiconductor ; Melanins ; Rabbits* ; Retinaldehyde* ; Thermometers

PURPOSE: Primary pulmonary lymphoma(PPL) arising in the lung as the initial site is very rare. Authors experienced two cases of PPL and report the radiologic findings and clinical characteristics with a brief reviewof the literature. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Plain chest radiograph and enhanced axial CT scan of the chest were taken. We analyzed radiologic findings of the two cases and correlated with broncoscopic and pathologic findings. RESULTS: Plain chest radiograph showed a mass like consolidative lesion on RML without peripheral atelectasis. Chest CT scan revealed a mass like consolidation with airbronchogram and the absence of a hilar mass or thoracic adenopathy. Percutaneous needle aspiration and biopsy(PCNA and PCNB) of the RML mass confirmed B-cell lymphoma, in both cases. CONCLUSION: PPL must be included in the differential diagnosis of chronic alveolar consolidation such as bronchioloalveolar cell carcinoma.
Diagnosis, Differential ; Lung ; Lymphoma* ; Lymphoma, B-Cell ; Needles ; Pulmonary Atelectasis ; Radiography, Thoracic ; Thorax ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

PURPOSE: Many stresses produce reactive oxygen species and bring about mechanism of antioxidant reaction. Cytokine and a neurotransmitter through the cell membrane, as well as signal transduction through the cell membrane, are used for various pathological condition of the brain, such as neurodegenerative disease. There are several antioxidant enzymes in cells (superoxcide dismutase, glutathion peroxidasae, peroxiredoxin catalase, etc.) METHODS: This study used single- or double-label immunohistochemical techniques to analyze mouse spinal neuron cells expressing Prx I and Prx III after acute mobilization stress. RESULTS: Prx I was observed in dendritic cell of the gray matter of the spinal cord, and Prx III was observed in the cytoplasm of the GM of the spinal cord. CONCLUSION: The results of this study will help to explain differences of expression in the distributions of the peroxiredoxin enzymes of the spinal cord.
Animals ; Brain ; Catalase ; Cell Membrane ; Cytoplasm ; Dendritic Cells ; Immobilization* ; Mice ; Neurodegenerative Diseases ; Neurons ; Neurotransmitter Agents ; Peroxiredoxins* ; Reactive Oxygen Species ; Signal Transduction ; Spinal Cord*