It is very important to estimate the future medical care expenditure, because medical care expenditure escalation is a big problem not only in the health industry but also in the Korean economy today. This study was designed to project the medical care expenditure in view of population age change. The data of this study were the population projection data based on National Census Data (1990) of the National Statistical Office and the Statistical Reports of the Korea Medical Insurance Corporation. The future medical care expenditure was eatimated by the regression model and the optional simulation model. The significant results are as follows; 1. The future medical care expenditure will be 3,963 billion Won in the year 2000, 4,483 billion Won in 2010, and 4,826 billion Won in 2020, based on the 1990 market price considering only the population age change. 2. The proportion of the total medical care expenditure in the elderly over 65 will be 10. 4% in 2000, 13.5% in 2010, and 16.9% in 2020. 3. The future medical care expenditure will be 4,306 billion Won in the year 2000, 5,1101 billion Won in 2010, and 5, 699 billion Won in 2020 based on the 1990 market price considering the age structure change and the change of the case-cost estimated by the regression model. 4. When we consider the age-structure change and inflation compared with the preceding year, the future medical care expenditurein 2020 will be 21 trillion Won based on a 5% inflation rate, 42 trillion Won based on a 7.5% inflation rate, and 84 trillion Won based on a 10% inflation rate. Consideration of the aged (65 years old and over)will be essential to understand the acute increase of medical care expenditure due to changes in age structure of the population. Therefore, alternative policies and programs for the caring of the aged should be further studied.
Aged ; Censuses ; Population Forecast ; Health Expenditures* ; Humans ; Inflation, Economic ; Insurance ; Korea

BACKGROUND: The improved technique for cardiopulmonary resuscitation(CPR) has resulted in the survival of many patient who experienced cardiac arrest. However, mortality in resuscitated patients is high, and the survival rate without brain damage is very low. Various neurological examination models, neuro-imaging techniques, electrophysiological procedures, and biochemical tests have been studied with respect to the detection of cerebral damage and outcome, but an early, reliable prediction of individual outcomes is still uncertain. METHODS: We studied twenty patient who had been in a coma for more than 24 hours after CPR, Somatosensory evoked potentials(SEP) were measured within the first three days after CPR. RESULTS: Of the twenty patients, seven patients(35%) had a good outcome, and thirteen patients(65%) had a bad outcome. Of the eleven patients with loss of the cortical evoked potential's N20 peak, all had a bad outcome. CONCLUSION: SEPs are of great benefit in prognostic evaluation after CPR.
Brain ; Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation* ; Coma* ; Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory* ; Heart Arrest ; Humans ; Mortality ; Neurologic Examination ; Survival Rate

Acute sensorimotor polyneuropathy that resembles Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) is rarely accompanied with nephrotic syndrome, and its underlying immunological mechanisms are unclear. A 56-year-old man presented with simultaneous acute progressive symmetric sensorimotor polyneuropathy and proteinuria. A kidney biopsy revealed focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Serial electrophysiologic studies showed only a transient proximal conduction block in the median nerve, stimulated somatosensory evoked potential and prolonged terminal latencies of the median and peroneal nerves. The patient's neurologic deficits and kidney dysfunction recovered with corticosteroid treatment. Our case showed that somatosensory evoked potential study can be an important objective tool in the diagnosis of acute polyneuropathy with normal distal nerve conduction and that corticosteroids should be considered in the initial treatment of GBS-resembling polyneuropathy associated with nephrotic syndrome.
Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory/physiology ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nephrotic Syndrome/*diagnosis/*physiopathology ; Polyneuropathies/*diagnosis/*physiopathology

Pancoast syndrome (PS) is characterized by a malignant neoplasm of the superior sulcus of the lung with destructive lesions of the thoracic inlet and involvement of the brachial plexus and cervical sympathetic nerves. The most common initial symptom of PS is shoulder pain; however, cough, dyspnea, and hemoptysis, signs often associated with lung cancer, are not as common. Investigation of PS can be difficult even with plain radiographs of the chest because it is surrounded by osseous structures such as the ribs, vertebral bodies, and manubrium. Due to these characteristics, orthopedic surgeons tend to make a misdiagnosis resulting in delay of appropriate treatment. Here we report on a patient who was supposed to undergo rotator cuff repair for his shoulder pain and weakness, and was eventually diagnosed with PS.
Bays ; Brachial Plexus ; Cough ; Diagnostic Errors ; Dyspnea ; Hemoptysis ; Humans ; Lung ; Lung Neoplasms ; Manubrium ; Orthopedics ; Pancoast Syndrome* ; Ribs ; Rotator Cuff* ; Shoulder Pain ; Superior Vena Cava Syndrome ; Thorax

To evaluate the detection of HPV DNA according to subtype of lesions of uterine cervix and its clinical applicability, in situ hybridization (ISH) and immunohistochemistry for HPV were performed in 189 cases of uterine cervical lesion, including 23 cases of low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL), 115 cases of high grade SIL and 51 cases of invasive carcinoma. Positive immunostaining, brown precipitate, was mainly noted in the nucleus of koilocytes in the superficial and intermediate layer. Positivity of immunostaining was 21.7% in low grade SIL, 13.0% in high grade SIL and 9.8% in invasive carcinoma. Positive reaction in ISH, red precipitate, was noted in the nucleus of not only koilocytes but also non-koilocytes in the superficial and intermediate layer, and dot precipitate was rarely identified in the nest of squamous cell carcinoma. Based on HPV subtype, 6/11 was 21.7% in low grade SIL, 16/18 was 32.2% and 39.2% in high grade SIL and invasive carcinoma, respectively. With regard to their associated HPV types, low grade SILs were heterogeneous and high grade SILs and invasive carcinomas were related with the high oncogenic risk group only. The correlation of HPV subtypes with panHPV was 91.3% in low grade SIL, 91.3% in high grade SIL and 98.0% in invasive carcinoma. These results suggest that detection of HPV infection by ISH may be a more useful method than immunohistochemistry and application of the HPV subtype probe with the panHPV probe could improve the sensitivity of ISH.
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; Cervix Uteri* ; DNA ; Female ; Humans* ; Immunohistochemistry* ; In Situ Hybridization*

PURPOSE: This study examined the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on the static balance ability of patients with back pain.METHODS: The subjects comprised of 30 males and females in their 20s, who were divided into two groups with and without tDCS. The balance posture ratio score was calculated to determine the changes in balance ability before and after the application of tDCS using balance equipment. A paired t-test was conducted to determine the changes over time, and an independent t-test was performed to determine the changes between the groups. The significance level was set to α=0.05.RESULTS: A significant difference in the changes in the static balance ability of CTDCSG between before and after applying tDCS was observed while the subjects' eyes were open (p<0.05). A comparison between the groups after the experiments revealed significantly increased changes in CTDCSG compared to STDCSE (p<0.05). The changes in static balance ability were not significant when the subjects' eyes were closed (p>0.05).CONCLUSION: The application of tDCS positively changed the static balance ability of patients with back pain. The results of this study showed that tDCS could be used as an intervention to increase the static balance ability of patients with back pain in the clinical field. The study results could be used further as foundational data for future studies on tDCS.
Back Pain ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Posture ; Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

No abstract available.
Animals ; Baths* ; Blood Glucose* ; Insulin* ; Rats*

BACKGROUND: Recent genetic analyses have shown that Miyoshi myopathy (MM) is caused by a mutation in the DYSF, which induces the dysfunction of dysferlin. We identified the deficiency of dysferlin by immunohistochemistry and Western blot in four patients with clinically diagnosed MM, and investigated the clinical and pathological characteristics of MM. METHODS: A muscle biopsy was performed in four patients who were diagnosed with MM by clinical and electrophysiological study. Immunostaining of muscle specimens for dyferlin, dystrophin, alpha, beta, gamma, sigma-sarcoglycan, beta-dystroglycan, and caveolin-3 were performed in all four patients. We analyzed the quantitative analysis for dysferlin by Western blot in three of four patients. RESULTS: All four patients showed clinical onset during adolescence or early adulthood (15-26 year old), a slowly progressive course, and a relatively high serum creatine kinase level (2240-6400 IU/L). Routine pathological studies showed non-specific myopathic changes. On immunocytochemistry, there was negative immunoreacticity for dysferlin on muscle specimens in all patients. The immunoreactivities for dystrophin, alpha, beta, gamma, sigma-sarcoglycan, beta-dystroglycan, and caveolin-3 were normal. On Western blotting, complete loss of dysferlin was noted in all three patients with MM CONCLUSIONS: Identification of isolated deficiency of dysferlin on immunocytochemistry or Western blot is important for the confirmative diagnosis of MM.
Adolescent ; Biopsy ; Blotting, Western* ; Caveolin 3 ; Creatine Kinase ; Diagnosis ; Dystroglycans ; Dystrophin ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Muscular Diseases*

The unilateral megalencephaly is a rare brain malformation characterized by cerebral asymmetry and cortical dysplasia caused by faulty migration of the subependymal neuroblasts. We experienced a case of unilateral megalencephaly in a two day-old male with the chief complaint of asymmetric head appearance. Large left hemisphere with agyria, pachygyria, dilatation of lateral ventricle, and the thick cortex of the ipsilateral hemisphere were showed in brain MRL, Clinical findings in this case were intractable seizure, hemiparesis, and psychomotor retardation. A review of literatures was also presented briefly.
Brain ; Dilatation ; Head ; Humans ; Lateral Ventricles ; Lissencephaly ; Male ; Malformations of Cortical Development ; Paresis ; Seizures

PURPOSE: This study was performed to evaluate the effect of TGF-beta on proliferation, collagen synthesis, migration, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) secretion of human RPE cells in vitro. METHODS: The cultured human RPE cells were treated with either TGF-beta1 or TGF-beta2 in concentrations of 0, 0.1, 1, 10 ng/ml respectively. The cell number was measured in 3, 6, 9 days, and the collagen synthesis and cell migration was measured. [3H]-thimidine uptake assay was done to evaluate the change of DNA synthesis. And the secretions of MMP1, MMP2, MMP3, MMP9, TIMP1 (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase), and TIMP2 were measured by electrophoresis and Western blot analysis. RESULTS: TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta2 significantly inhibited the proliferation of RPE cells in a concentration -and time-dependent manner (p<0.05). [3H]-thymidine uptake was decreased by TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta2 in a concentration-dependant manner. The collagen synthesis of RPE cells was significantly increased by high concentration of TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta 2. However, the migration of RPE cells was not affected by TGF-beta. As the concentration of TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta2 increased, the secretions of MMP1, MMP2, MMP3 and MMP9 decreased, while the secretion of TIMP1 and TIMP2 increased after 72 hours. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta2 may have critical effect on the development of PVR and provide clues to possible therapeutic solutions for controlling PVR process.
Blotting, Western ; Cell Count ; Cell Movement ; Collagen* ; DNA ; Electrophoresis ; Epithelial Cells* ; Humans* ; Retinaldehyde* ; Transforming Growth Factor beta ; Transforming Growth Factor beta1 ; Transforming Growth Factor beta2 ; Vitreoretinopathy, Proliferative