BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to evaluate improvement in hearing and changes in the tympanogram according to the types of mastoid pneumatization and the mucosal condition of the Eustachian tube orifice after performing tympanoplasty type 1. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Among the patients with chronic otitis media who had received tympanoplasty type 1 at Asan Medical Center from June 1990 to March 1997, sixty five patients were evaluated with pure tone audiometry and tympanometry for a short-term (<6 months) and long-term (>1 year) follow-up period. RESULTS: Greater improvement in hearing was shown in patients with tympanogram type A as compared to the patients with type B and C in both short-term and long-term follow-ups. Patients who showed normal mastoid pneumatization were found to have type A tympanogram more frequently than patients who showed abnormal mastoid pneumatization. However, the degree of postoperative hearing improvement did not depend on the types of mastoid pneumatization. Mucosal condition of the Eustachian tube orifice had some influence on the outcome of postoperative tympanogram and hearing. Greater improvement in the hearing levels were observed more frequently in the normal mucosa. CONCLUSION: Postoperative improvement in hearing was closely related to the postoperative change in the tympanogram. Postoperative hearing results and tympanograms were mainly influenced by the mucosal condition of the Eustachian tube orifice. Relatively greater improvement in hearing was observed in the long-term follow-up compared to the short-term follow-up. However, in order to reach any conclusion on this matter, a longer follow-up period and closer observation would be required.
Acoustic Impedance Tests ; Audiometry ; Chungcheongnam-do ; Eustachian Tube ; Follow-Up Studies* ; Hearing* ; Humans ; Mastoid ; Mucous Membrane ; Otitis Media ; Tympanoplasty*

The infradiaphragmatic type of Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return(TAPVR) is a rare congenital cardiacanomaly which usually results in death during the period of early infancy. A two month-old baby boy with cyanosisand respiratory distress was suspected of having a TAPVR clinically and the two-dimensional echocardiographicfindings were compatible with the infradiaphragmetic type of TAPVR. The subsequent cardiac catheterization andcineangiogram revealed the common pulmonary vein connected with portal vein and inferior vena cava in theinfradiaphragmetic area with obvious obstruction. The surgery and the autopsy confiremd the preopeative diagnosis.Among infants presenting pulmonary venous congestion in the newborn period. TAPVR below the diaphragm shold be oneof the important diagnostic cosiderations.
Autopsy ; Cardiac Catheterization ; Cardiac Catheters ; Diaphragm ; Humans ; Hyperemia ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Portal Vein ; Pulmonary Veins ; Scimitar Syndrome ; Vena Cava, Inferior

BACKGROUND: Several studies have demonstrated that the transient administration of oxygen improves cognitive performance. However, the effect of long-term oxygen administration remains unknown. This study investigated the impact of long-term oxygen administration on cognitive enhancement. METHODS: Six week old Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 46) were randomly allocated to one of three groups: the control (Control; n = 15), 30 min/day oxygen administration (Oxy30min; n = 16) and 60 min/day oxygen administration groups (Oxy60min; n = 15). The rats in all three groups were administered air or oxygen for 10 weeks. The Morris water maze test was employed to assess the latency (L & Lt), dwelling time (DT) and the total fraction above the mean dwelling time (FmDT) for cognitive performance. RESULTS: Compared to the control group, the Oxy30min and Oxy60min groups showed no differences in their L and Lt. There was a dose-response trend due to oxygen administration. Compared to the control group, the Oxy60min group had a significantly improved DT (P< 0.05). The FmDT also significantly increased in both of the oxygen administration groups, which also showed a dose-response trend (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The present results suggest that long-term (10 weeks) oxygen administration can dose-dependently enhance cognitive performance.
Animals ; Oxygen* ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

OBJECTIVE: There were reports about weight gain, hyperglycemia, diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia associated with atypical antipsychotics. Moreover, these adverse effects of atypical agents, especially clozapine and olanzapine were reported to be able to precipitate cardiovascular disease. Accordingly, we investigated the incidence rate of hypertension in schizophrenic patients treated with clozapine or olanzapine by retrospective chart review. METHOD: We reviewed charts of patients with schizophrenia who admitted at St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, and Naju National Hospital and selected records of patients treated with clozapine and olanzapine during at least 6 weeks. Patients treated with mood stabilizers, antidepressants, and antipsychotics other than clozapine and olanzapine were excluded. Finally, the records of 52 clozapine-treated patients and 76 olanzapine-treated patients were analyzed. Changes of systolic and diastolic blood pressure between before treatment and discharge time were analyzed by paired t-test. The incidence rates of hypertension before and after treatment were compared by McNemar test, and Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test was used to compare incidence rates between clozapine and olanzapine treated group. Group difference of changes were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA. RESULTS: The incidence rate of hypertension in clozapine treated group was increased after treatment. There was significant differences in the change of hypertension incidence rate in patients receiving clozapine versus olanzapine. However, there was no significant change in both systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure in clozapine-treated patients. In olanzapine-treated patients, there was significant change in systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Repeated measures ANOVA indicated that antipsychotics medication induced decrease in systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure was decreased in olanzapine-treated patients. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that long-term clozapine treatment is associated with increased rates of hypertension, which may have a significant impact on medical morbidity and mortality.
Antidepressive Agents ; Antipsychotic Agents ; Blood Pressure ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Clozapine* ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Humans ; Hyperglycemia ; Hyperlipidemias ; Hypertension* ; Incidence* ; Jeollanam-do ; Korea ; Mortality ; Retrospective Studies ; Schizophrenia ; Weight Gain

Lesions with controlled monopolar coagulation were generated in the cerebral cortex of 20 healthy rabbits. With 28 watts monopolar coagulation, average diameter of histologically changed area around lesion was aout 7.5mm with using Evans blue dye technique. At same time, EEGs in three points, which were 5mm, 10mm & 15mm distant from the coagulated lesion site, were cheched before and just after coagulation. In results, the frequency of EEG was slightly decreased after coagulation, but there were no relation with distance from lesion. But the amplitudes of EEG were decreased as 51.2 micro v(61.2%), 42.9 micro v(3.9) and 34.0 micro v(25.3%) after coagulation, which depended on the distance from site of coagulation. That means electrophysiologically changed area after coaguation was far beyond the histologically changed area.
Brain* ; Cerebral Cortex ; Electroencephalography ; Evans Blue ; Rabbits

Lesions with controlled monopolar coagulation were generated in the cerebral cortex of 20 healthy rabbits. With 28 watts monopolar coagulation, average diameter of histologically changed area around lesion was aout 7.5mm with using Evans blue dye technique. At same time, EEGs in three points, which were 5mm, 10mm & 15mm distant from the coagulated lesion site, were cheched before and just after coagulation. In results, the frequency of EEG was slightly decreased after coagulation, but there were no relation with distance from lesion. But the amplitudes of EEG were decreased as 51.2 micro v(61.2%), 42.9 micro v(3.9) and 34.0 micro v(25.3%) after coagulation, which depended on the distance from site of coagulation. That means electrophysiologically changed area after coaguation was far beyond the histologically changed area.
Brain* ; Cerebral Cortex ; Electroencephalography ; Evans Blue ; Rabbits

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Facial nerve stimulation (FNS) as a complication of cochlear implantation can produce significant discomfort, limit effective use of cochlear implant, and require extensive reprogramming in some patients. The purpose of this study is to review the clinical features of children with FNS after cochlear implantation and to discuss its possible solutions. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: Thirteen children who had FNS after cochlear implantation were included. Their medical records were reviewed retrospectively regarding the presence of inner ear anomaly (IEA), the programming techniques for cochlear implant, timing and progression of FNS, and the management of it. RESULTS: Ten out of 13 children (76.9%) with FNS had IEA. In those 10 patients with IEA, FNS appeared within 6 months from the operation and showed a tendency of being relevant to all electrodes. Authors used four methods to eliminate FNS. They included (a) turning off the specific electrodes when FNS seems related to some specific electrodes, (b) changing the coding strategy or the programming mode, which proved not to be effective, (c) reducing the C-level, which resulted in severe narrowing of dynamic range as well as a relative control of FNS, and (d) surgical exploration in specific cases. CONCLUSION: FNS after CI is at greater risk for IEA. FNS in those cases can interfere with the progression of speech development. This should be sufficiently informed of the parents of CI candidates with IEA preoperatively. Surgical exploration can be reserved for elimination of FNS in specific cases.
Child* ; Clinical Coding ; Cochlear Implantation* ; Cochlear Implants* ; Ear, Inner ; Electrodes ; Facial Nerve* ; Humans ; Medical Records ; Parents ; Retrospective Studies

Methotrexate (MTX) is commonly employed in the management of chronic inflammatory skin diseases. We report the case of a 73-year-old man who presented with a persistent cough lasting for 1 month. He had an 11-year history of psoriasis and had received MTX (10.0 mg/wk) over the past 21 months. High-resolution chest computed tomography revealed diffuse ground-glass opacities and bronchiectasis affecting both lung fields. Based on clinical and radiological assessments, the patient was diagnosed with MTX-induced interstitial pneumonia. Notably, significant clinical and radiological improvement was observed 1 month after the discontinuation of MTX and corticosteroid administration. Although some reports have demonstrated lung toxicity in patients receiving high-dose MTX therapy, cases of adverse pulmonary effects following low-dose treatment in patients with psoriasis are rare.This case report underscores the rarity of interstitial pneumonia in a patient with psoriasis undergoing MTX treatment in Korea.

The author measured the severity of brain damage of 36 rabbits irradiated 2.45 GHz microwave for 10 minutes, 20 minutes and 30 minutes, respectively. Electromicroscopic and light microscopic findings of just after, 1 weeks, 2 weeks and 4 weeks after irradiated brain were compared in each time. Swelling and vacualization of nerve cell and mitochondria were noted. Also these changes tend to increased severity along amount of radiation, but revealed reversible changes with time. Myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers were examined as same manner. These nerve fibers also revealed swelling and vascuolization, these findings also tend to increase severity with irradiation power and more prominent at unmyelinated nerve fibers. Reversability of these findings after each time period were more prominent in myelinated nerve fibers than unmyelinated nerve fibers.
Brain ; Cerebrum* ; Microwaves* ; Mitochondria ; Myelin Sheath ; Nerve Fibers ; Nerve Fibers, Myelinated ; Nerve Fibers, Unmyelinated ; Neurons ; Rabbits*

Background/Aims: The optimal systolic blood pressure (SBP) goal for elderly patients with hypertension, especially to reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence and improve outcome, is unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the beneficial effects of intensive treatment for hypertension on the incidence of CVD in elderly Korean patients. Methods: The HOW to Optimize eLDerly systolic Blood Pressure (HOWOLD-BP) trial is a multicenter, parallel-design, open-label, randomized controlled trial designed to evaluate whether intensive treatment (SBP ≤ 130 mmHg) will provide more benefits in lowering the incidence and mortality associated with CVD than standard treatment (SBP ≤ 140 mmHg) in elderly patients with hypertension aged ≥ 65 years. For this study, eleven university hospitals in Korea will enroll approximately 3,176 elderly patients with hypertension between 2019 and 2022. Patients will be requested to visit the clinic every 4 months for the first year and every 6 months thereafter for 36 months. Parameters, including clinic and home blood pressure, anthropometric and laboratory findings, and frailty assessments, will be collected according to the standardized protocol. The primary outcome is a composite of CVD (acute coronary syndrome, stroke, and heart failure) incidence and cardiovascular deaths. Results: As of December 2021, 1,655 participants had been enrolled in the study, including 831 patients in the standard group and 824 patients in the intensive group. Conclusions The HOWOLD-BP trial is the first study performed in Korea to evaluate the beneficial effects of intensive blood pressure treatment on CVD in elderly patients with hypertension. The results of this study will help clarify the appropriate target SBP for this population.