As an attempt to evaluate the influence of various external factors to the formation of urinary stone, age, sex, resident area, level of education, smoking, daily amount of water drinking and past history of all patients admitted to the Department of Urology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei Univereity, from November, 1970 to October, 1971 were studied according to the designed questionaires. Prevalence rates of urinary stone cases were obtained against total number of patients admitted by the various epidemiological factors. The results are summarized briefly as follows: 1. Prevalence rate of the urinary stone by sex was somewhat higher in female than in male. 2. Urinary stone was most prevalent in the age of 21~40 and bladder stones were seen in the middle and older age groups among male 3. The hot weather from July to October showed the highest rates in prevalence and the cold weather from December to March showed the lowest prevalence rates. 4. Urinary stone was more prevalent among intellectuals or among high level of education. 5. Urinary stones were more prevalent among residents in the large city than the residents in the middle city or rural area. 6. Smoking seemed to be not related to the stone formation. 7. The prevalence rate of urinary stone was related to the water drinking. 8. Patient with history of immobilization had more prevalence rate than those without history of immobilization.
Drinking ; Education ; Epidemiologic Studies* ; Epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Immobilization ; Male ; Prevalence ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Urinary Bladder Calculi ; Urinary Calculi* ; Urology ; Water ; Weather

No abstract available.
Child* ; Diagnosis* ; Humans ; Urinary Tract Infections* ; Urinary Tract*

STUDY DESIGN: Case report OBJECTIVES: To report a case of Brown-Séquard syndrome after blunt cervical trauma. SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW: Brown-Séquard syndrome is a rare disease characterized by hemisection of the spinal cord, and it shows the best prognosis of the various types of incomplete spinal cord injuries. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A patient with Brown-Séquard syndrome that occurred after a traffic accident was followed up for 2 years and 6 months. RESULTS: We observed normal recovery of motor strength, but sensory impairment and deep tendon hyperreflexia remained. CONCLUSIONS: Brown-Séquard syndrome is known to have a good prognosis, but in this case, the neurological abnormality did not fully recover; therefore, we report this rare case and present a review of the literature.
Accidents, Traffic* ; Cervical Vertebrae ; Female ; Humans ; Prognosis ; Rare Diseases ; Reflex, Abnormal ; Spinal Cord ; Spinal Cord Injuries ; Tendons

Excitatory amino acids have been implicated as one of the important putative cellular toxins in ischemic brain. Ketamine antagonizes the excitotoxic action of excitatory amino acids in the central nervous system. The present study was undertaken to determine whether ketamine anesthesia protect the formation of brain edema in the model of focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Forty adult male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing between 300gm and 400gm were used in this study. The animals were anesthetized with either halothane or ketamine, and then right middle cerebral artery occlusion were performed. After 4 hours of ischemia, the brain water and ion contents(Na+ and K+) were determined in the central, intermediate, and outer zones of each cortical mantle. In both halothane and ketamine anesthetized groups, there were significant brain edema in the ischemic central and intermediate zones. Ionic shifts were also observed in the ischemic central and intermediate zones to approximately same extent as the brain water content in both groups. However, there were no significant differences of brain edema between the two groups in the corresponding ischemic zones. These results suggest that ketamine anesthesia does not have significant protective effect on the formation of brain edema during the early stages of permanent incomplete cerebral ischemia.
Adult ; Anesthesia* ; Animals ; Brain Edema* ; Brain Ischemia ; Brain* ; Central Nervous System ; Excitatory Amino Acids ; Halothane ; Humans ; Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery ; Ischemia* ; Ketamine* ; Male ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

PURPOSE: Because cryptorchid testes are known to undergo histopathologic changes affecting development, maturation, and tertility, early surgical correction is usually recommended. However there are differing opinions concerning whether retractile testes are affected by similar changes and also whether there is a need for surgical treatment. We aimed to assess the histopathologic changes in retractile testis by studying the changes in testes artificially placed back in the abdomen after they have descended to scrotum in experimental rat models. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 3 groups; a control group(controls), prepubertal ascent group (P) in which testis were placed back intraabdominally by bilateral inguinal canal obstruction at 6 weeks, a neonatal group(N) in which intraabdminal testis was induced by bilateral inguinal canal obstruction at birth. The relative weight of the testis, morphology of the seminiferous tubules including Leydig cells, tubular degeneration phase(TDP), spermatogonia per tubules(S/T), and Sertoli cell index (SCI) of these three groups were analyzed and compared. RESULTS: The relative weight of testis was significantly decreased in the group of N(0.0016+/-0.001) and P(0.0015+/-0.0002) compared to controls(0.0037+/-0.0002) (p<0.05). The S/T value was also decreased in P(2.05+/-18.2) and N(73.2+/-32.4) when compared to controls (360.2+/-21.3). Similar changes were observed in SCI of both P(64.5+/-6.4) and N (91.2+/-14.2) when compared to controls (227.9+/-31.1). Only minority of N and P showed higher TDP values. However, although statistically insignificant, TDP was increased in both P and N when compared to controls. The Leydig cells in N and P showed cellular distortion and hypertrophy. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrate that prepubertal ascent, similar to that of innate cryptorchid testis, also can induce histopathologic changes such as changes in testicular seminiferous tubule, decrease in the S/T value and decrease in SCI value. Our findings supports that hypothesis that retractile testis may cause histological damage thus surgical correction may also be warranted similar to in case of genuine cryptorchism.
Abdomen* ; Animals ; Cryptorchidism ; Humans ; Hypertrophy ; Inguinal Canal ; Leydig Cells ; Male ; Models, Animal ; Models, Theoretical ; Parturition ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Scrotum ; Seminiferous Tubules ; Spermatogonia ; Testis*

OBJECTIVE: We analyzed the clinical features of amniotic fluid embolism confirmed by autopsy or clinical dicision for making a plan of rapid diagnosis and intensive emergency care. STUDY DESIGN: We experienced 2 clincal cases in Ewha Mokdong Hospital and Severance Hospital at 1995, and reviewed the medical record & autopsy report of 15 cases in National Institute of Scientific Investigation from Jan, 1991 to Dec, 1995. RESULTS: The mean maternal age was 31+/-3 years. The mean gestational age was 40+/-1 weeks. The number of delivery were 1.4+/-0.8. The number of abortion history. were 2.6+/-2. The sexuality of fetus were six males (35 %), five females (29%), and unknown six cases (35 %) and the fetal mortality rate was 29 % (5 cases). The initial clinical symptoms and signs were hypotension (12 patients, 71%), vaginal bleeding(ll patients, 65%), cardiac arrest (6 patients, 35 %), dyspnea (5 patients, 29 %), and seizure (2 patients, 12%). In the case of normal spontaneous vaginal delivary (NSVD), the symptoms occurred during induction in 3 (18%), during delivery in 1 (6%), and after delivery in 9 (53%). In the case of Cesarean section, the symptoms occurred during section in 2 (12%), and after section in 1 (6%). There are one case whose symptoms occurred during 3rd gestational period. CONCLUSIONS: We should alert for the amniotic fluid embolism in the clinical findings of acute collapse and vaginal bleeding, respiratory symptoms, and seizure at any peripartum. With eary suspicion of this disease and aggressive intensive care we can reduce amniotic fluid embolism mortality rate and it's legal problem.
Abortion, Induced ; Amniotic Fluid* ; Autopsy ; Cesarean Section ; Diagnosis ; Dyspnea ; Embolism, Amniotic Fluid* ; Emergency Medical Services ; Female ; Fetal Mortality ; Fetus ; Gestational Age ; Heart Arrest ; Humans ; Hypotension ; Critical Care ; Male ; Maternal Age ; Medical Records ; Mortality ; Peripartum Period ; Pregnancy ; Seizures ; Sexuality ; Uterine Hemorrhage

No abstract available.
Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature* ; Nephroma, Mesoblastic* ; Ultrasonography, Prenatal*

Recent studies have revealed that IGF- I produced in kidney are of two fractions; GH dependent and GH nondependent IGF-I. The role of GH nondependent IGF-I is interesting in renal hypertrophy and glomerulosclerosis because GH is clearly related with hypertrophy accompanying glomerulosclerosis is not seen in GH deficient animal. The relationship of the high protein diet and the IGF- I production under the deprivation of GH was studied. In hypophysectomized Sprague-Dawley rat, the level of serum IGF-I was measured using radioimmunoassay, and renal IGF- I production evaluated by immunohistochemistry during both normal and high protein diet. Serum IGF-I of rats on high protein diet was significantly higher than that fed normal protein diet. After unilateral nephrectomy, the level of serum IGF-I was significantly increased in both normal and high protein diet groups. Henle's loop, distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct were weakly stained with normal protein diet. With high protein diet, the staining intensities increased at these portion , and distal part of proximal convoluted tubule and straight tubule were weakly stained. After unilateral nephrectomy, distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct were densely stained with normal protein diet. With high protein diet, the staining intensities increased in distal part of proximal convoluted tubule and Henle's loop. Regardless of the types of protein diet, the specific difference between unilateral nephrectomized rats and sham- operated rats was immunoreactivity of the distal convoluted tubule.. In conclusion, it is suggested that GH non-dependent IGF-I is mainly produced in distal convoluted tubule during compensatory renal hypertrophy, and protein diet mainly affect IGF- I production of distal part of proximal convoluted tubule and Henle's loop.
Animals ; Diet ; Growth Hormone* ; Hypertrophy ; Hypophysectomy ; Immunohistochemistry ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I ; Kidney* ; Nephrectomy ; Radioimmunoassay ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: A kidney in the growing state and the possibility of spontaneous improvement are characteristics of the pediatric ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) that make the treatment of this disease difficult. We have tried to determine the histopathologic changes of the kidneys with UPJO relating to age, differential renal function and urinary tract infection (UTI). METHODS: The total number of patients was 38 (40 kidneys). The age at the operation time was under 3 months in 9 cases (9 kidneys), 3 to 12 months in 10 cases (10 kidneys), and 1 to 18 years in 20 cases (21 kidneys). Needle biopsies from 3 different sites at the lower pole of the kidney were taken. The tissue was blindly observed for the presence of irreversible change (arteriolar thickening, glomerulosclerosis, interstitial fibrosis and periglomerular fibrosis) and reversible change (inflammatory cell infiltration) by light microscopy. Each pathological finding was graded as I, II or III, and each grade was given a numerical value. Statistical analysis was done with ANOVA. RESULTS: Although the kidneys from patients under 3 months tended to show better histopathologic findings, there was no statistically significant difference in all 5 pathologic findings regardless of patient age. 5 cases (5 kidneys) with previous percutaneous nephrostomy (PCN) were not included in any group for analysis due to possible histologic changes of the renal parenchyma. Inflammatory cell infiltration, arteriolar thickening, glomerulosclerosis and periglomerular fibrosis were statistically significant in patients with previous or present UTI (14 kidneys) compared to the patients without UTI (26 kidneys). The patients with a mean differential renal function less than 30% (7 kidneys) as measured by DTPA or DMSA renal scan showed statistically significant changes in all of the 5 histopathologic findings compared to the patients with differential renal function greater than 30% (27 kidneys). 4 cases with bilateral UPJO (6 kidneys) were excluded from comparing the differential renal function. 5 kidneys with previous PCN had statistically significant degree of glomerulosclerosis compared to others. CONCLUSIONS: Although we did not determine whether pediatric UPJO affects renal growth, it is probable that statistically significant irreversible histopathologic changes do not occur according to age. Considering histopathologic findings only, differential renal function and UTI Should be key factors in deciding the management of pediatric UPJO. In addition, PCN seems to induce more severe histopathologic changes of the kidney.
Biopsy, Needle ; Fibrosis ; Humans ; Kidney* ; Microscopy ; Nephrostomy, Percutaneous ; Pentetic Acid ; Pregnenolone Carbonitrile ; Succimer ; Urinary Tract Infections

No abstract available.
Hemorrhoidectomy*