When the effusion and pain of the joint caused by rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and non-specific synovitis is persistent in spite of various conservative measures, the intra-articular injection of radioactive colloidal gold is recommended. Although the cause of rheumatoid arthritis and similiar types of inflammatory arthritis is not well known, the basic pathology appears to be in the synovium Colloidal particles of radioactive coiloidal gold injected into an inflamed joint are phagocytosed and dispersed uniformly on the superficial layers of the synovium Radioactive colloidal gold was first introduced in the malignant peritoneal effusions by Muller in 1950, and it was later used by Andrew and Mackay in malignant pleural effusion in 1953 and 1957. The malignant ascite, pleural effusion, and synovial effusion are collections of fluid in closed cavities lined by a thin sensitive endothelial layers; and apart from repeated aspirations, accepted forms of treatment frequently fail to cure or even control the effusions. Because of this resemblance it was decided in 1957 to attempt to treat persistent synovial effusions by intra-articular injection of radioactive colloidal gold. 198Au has a half-life of 2.7 days and emits both beta and gamma rays, Beta rays, which produce 90% of the therapeutic effect, penetrate tissue to an average depth of 1 to 2 mm. The particle of colloidal suspension of 198Au is 20 to 50 mu. The colloidal state of the preparation aids in limiting radiation to the synovial surface, and it has been shown that large colloidal particles are not absorbed into the blood or lymphatic systems after intra-articular injection and penetrate no deeper than the synovial tissues as a result of phagocytic activity. Good results have been reported since the radioactive colloidal gold was introduced in the treatment of persistent effusion of the human knee by Makin in 1963. The knee is chosen as the most suitable joint for this trial because of the ease of performing accurately intra-articular injections and the ease with which knee effusions can be recognized and measured. Furthermore, the knee joint is superficial and distant from vital structures which may be radio-sensitive. In this study, thirty-nine knee and three ankle effusions and pains unresponsive to the usual methods of therapy were treated by intra-articular injection of radioactive colloidal gold from November 1964 to January 1979 with follow up. Thirteen cases had classical rheumatoid arthritis; ten osteoarthritis; fifteen non-specific synovitis; two pigmented villonodular synovitis; one post-synovectomy, and one tuberculous arthritis. The results were as follows; 1. In eleven cases(84.6%) of rheumatoid arthritis, fourteen cases (93.3%) of nonspecific synovitis, and five cases(50.0%) of osteoarthritis, the effusion disappeared. 2. In twelve cases(92.3%) of rheumatoid arthritis thirteen cases(86.7%) of non-specific synovitis, and only two cases(20.0%) of osteoarthritis, the pain disappeared. 3. As a whole, in thirty-three cases(78.6%), the effusion disappeared and in twenty-eight cases (66.7%), the pain disappeared.
Ankle ; Arthritis ; Arthritis, Rheumatoid ; Ascitic Fluid ; Aspirations (Psychology) ; Beta Particles ; Colloids ; Follow-Up Studies ; Gamma Rays ; Gold Colloid ; Half-Life ; Humans ; Injections, Intra-Articular ; Joints ; Knee ; Knee Joint ; Lymphatic System ; Osteoarthritis ; Pathology ; Pleural Effusion ; Pleural Effusion, Malignant ; Synovial Membrane ; Synovitis ; Synovitis, Pigmented Villonodular

No abstract available.
Nipples*

For the identification of proliferating cells in tissue, the argyrophilic method for the demonstration of nucleolar organizer regions (Ag-NORs) have been described. To evaluate the applicability of Ag-NORs in surgical pathology, the authors have done Ag-NORs staining on 144 cases of routinely processed, formalin-fixed paraffin sections of various tissues; 15 normal tissues, 12 reactive and hyperplastic lesions, 30 benign neoplasms, 4 borderline lesions, and 83 malignant tumors. The results were summerized as follows; 1) In normal tissues, the mean numbers of Ag-NORs were highter in labile cells, especially in actively proliferating cells such as germ cells of testis, crypt epithelial cells in gastrointestinal mucosa, and lymphocytes from germinal center of tonsil and lymph node, than those of stable cells. 2) The mean numbers of Ag-NORs in reactive and hyperplastic lesions, benign neoplasms, and borderline lesions were similar to those of normal labile cells. 3) The mean numbers of Ag-NORs in carcinomas and sarcomas, (usually more than 2) significantly exceeded those of normal and non-malignant conditions. However, certain cases of carcinomas such as papillary carcinomas of thyroid, mucinous carcinoma of stomach, bronchioloalveolar carcinoma of lung, and adenoid cystic carcinoma of lung, and some of the leiomyosarcoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, and malignant schwannoma showed relatively lower numbers of Ag-NORs. 4) In non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, the high grade lymphomas showed more Ag-NORs than the low grade ones. From above results, it is suggested that the Ag-NORs technique is helpful in differentiation between malignant and non-malignant lesions. However, further evaluation on the significance of Ag-NORs upon the behavior of the cancer is to be made.

No abstract available.
Female ; Humans ; Neck*

No abstract available.
Reference Values* ; Vestibular Function Tests*

No abstract available.
Humans ; Osteosarcoma*

No abstract available.
Emergencies* ; Emergency Service, Hospital*

No abstract available.
Colonoscopy* ; Humans ; Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory* ; Peritonitis*

No abstract available.
Laparotomy* ; Nephrectomy*

No abstract available.
Calcium* ; Lithium* ; Parathyroid Hormone*