An effective writing is the one in which the writer and the readers can easily and accurately communicate. For this, the writer should be able to write in accordance with requirements each component of the writing - words, sentences, paragraphs and parts. This thesis discussed a method of writing centered on sentential composition. Sentential level requires grammatical, brief and accurate expressions, and ones like the Korean language.
Writing*

Ectopic thymus results from the aberrant migration of thymic tissue and is mostly present in the mediastinum, the base of the skull, the tracheal bifurcation and the cervical region. We report the first case of intraabdominal heterotopic thymus incidentally detected and attached to the liver without associated anomalies. This fetus was sent to the Department without any clinical information. The fetus was small for gestational age, but had no external abnormalities. Each organ showed normal development except for the liver. The liver weighed 6 gm(normal 17.064+/-4.143 gm). Gray white heterotopic thymus was attached to the superior surface of the liver in the subdiaphragmatic area. It measured 1.1x0.6x0.5 cm. There was no diaphragmatic defect. The cervical thymic tissue near the thyroid was small and measured 0.2 gm(normal 0.927+/-0.485 gm). There was no thymic tissue in the anterior superior mediastinum. The histologic features of the heterotopic thymus were identical to the orthotopic thymus showing features appropriate for the gestational age. The origin of this subdiaphragmatic heterotopic thymus is speculated.

The current classification of pituitary adenomas is based on cell type, largely ascertained by immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. In an application of immunohistochemistry, pathologists have some problems in judging the results. An immunostaining result does not always correspond with a serum hormone level. It is also difficult to determine the nature of a tumor when a few cells are positive. We performed the immunohistochemical stains on 34 pituitary adenomas using polyclonal antibodies to six pituitary hormones [PRL (prolactin), GH (growth hormone), ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone), FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone), LH (luteinizing hormone), TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone)] and compared with serum hormone level. The serum hormone level was increased in 14 cases (41.2%) of PRL, 7 cases (20.6%) of PRL & GH, 6 pleurihormonal cases (17.6%), 4 nonfunctioning cases (11.8%), 2 cases (5.9%) of FSH, and 1 case (2.9%) of GH. The most common immunohistochemical type of pituitary adenoma was 10 prolactinoma cases (38.5%), followed by 7 pleurihormonal cases (26.9%), 4 null cell cases (15.4%), 3 cases of mixed PRL & GH (11.5%), 1 case of ACTH (3.8%) and 1 FSH & LH case (3.8%). The corresponding rates of the serum hormone level and immunostaining results were 94.1% in GH, 88.9% in TSH, 85.7% in LH, 82.4% in ACTH, 66.7% FSH, and 61.8% in PRL. In the immunostaining for FSH, 12 cases showed less than 5% positivity and most of them exhibited the normal serum hormone level. In conclusion, the most common elevated serum hormone and immunohistochemical type of pituitary adenoma was prolactinoma. The corresponding rate of the serum hormone level and immunostaining result was the highest in GH cell adenoma and was the lowest in prolactinoma. The cells showing less than 5% positivity seem to be entrapped normal cells.
Adenoma ; Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ; Antibodies ; Classification ; Coloring Agents* ; Immunohistochemistry ; Luteinizing Hormone ; Lymphocytes, Null ; Microscopy, Electron ; Pituitary Hormones ; Pituitary Neoplasms* ; Prolactinoma

OBJECTIVES: Angiogenesis is a critical factor in the growth, progression, and metastatic spread of solid tumors. Angiogenic factors are soluble molecules released by the tumor itself and are able to induce an angiogenic response. Vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) is a multifunctional cytokine that has been shown to be an important regulator of tumor angiogenesis. The aim of this study was to determine the value of serum VEGF levels in the diagnosis of ovarian cancer and in the differential diagnosis of adnexal masses. And we questioned whether the serum VEGF levels are related to cancer stages and prognosis of patients. METHODS: Serum samples were taken from 85 patients; healthy women(n=15), the patients with benign ovarian cyst(n=36), and the patients with ovarian cancer(n=34). The concentration of VEGF, CA-125, and CA 19-9 were determined in the serum of each patients before and after treatment with an enzyme linked immunoassay(EIA), RESULTS: There are statistical differences among the serum VEGF levels in patients with ovarian cancer(491.5+/-335.6 pg/ml), and benign ovarian cyst (247.7+/-183.6 pg/ml)(p<0.05). The patients undergoing cancer therapy had lower values than those without cancer therapy(p<0.05). The serum VEGF levels were not correlated with the cancer stages and histologic types(p>0.05) CONCLUSION: The serum VEGF level appears to be a helpful tool in the differential diagnosis of ovarian cancer and may help in predicting the therapeutic effects of patients with ovarian cancer.
Angiogenesis Inducing Agents ; Diagnosis ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Female ; Humans ; Ovarian Cysts ; Ovarian Neoplasms* ; Prognosis ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A*

OBJECTIVES: The TGF-Beta1 (transforming growth factor-Beta1 ), which has been shown to inhibit cellular proliferation in vitro as a growth regulator, has been demonstrated to enhance tumori-genicity in vivo. The proteolytic processes of cancer are thought to be the crucial point in tumor invasion and metastasis, mainly by matrix metalloproteinases.(MMPs) We investigated the serum TGF-Beta1 and MMP-2 levels in patients with cervical cancer in contrast to those of normal, patients with benign myoma, and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). And we questioned whether these serum levels are different according to the therapy of cancer or not. METHODS: We measured serum TGF-Beta1, MMP-2 concentrations by ELISA in 34 patients with cervical cancer, as well as 5 normal volunteers, 14 patients with benign myoma and 23 patients with CIN. Especially in 7 patients with cervical cancer, we measured serum TGF-Beta1, MMP-2 levels before and after therapy. RESULTS: The serum TGF-Beta1 levels in patients with cervical lancer(37.8 +/-15.4pg/ml) were significantly lower than those of the patients with CIN(46.2+/-9.2pg/ml)(p<0.05). But there is no differences among the serum MMP-2 levels in the patients with cervical cancers(680.30+/-116.6pg/ml), CIN(715.2+/-150.0pg/ml), and benign myoma(682.4+/-112.5pg/ml)(p>0.05). Patients undergoing cancer therapy did not have different values of serum TCF-Beta1 and MMP-2 levels as those without cancer therapy.(p>0.05) CONCLUSION: So we suggest that serum TGF-Beta1 may be helpful in differential diagnosing cervical cancers from CIN.
Cell Proliferation ; Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia* ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Healthy Volunteers ; Humans ; Myoma ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Transforming Growth Factor beta1* ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms*

No abstract available.
Calcium* ; Child* ; Humans

BACKGROUND: EGF and TGF-a are ligands for the EGF-receptor and act as mitogens for a variety of tissues. TGF-a, in particular, has been implicated as an autocrine growth factor for several cancer cell lines. TGF-B exerts an inhibitory effect on the growth of most epithelial cell types, and the loss of responsiveness to this growth inhibition has been implicated in the development of a variety of human cancers. In the present study, we evaluate whether EGF, TGF-a and TGF-B modulate apoptosis and cell cycle progression in cervical cancer cell lines. MATERIALS & METHODS: The effect of EGF, TGF-a and TGF-B on apoptosis and cell cycle such as CaSki and HeLa cell lines was analysed by flow cytometry RESULTS: 1. TGF-B did not induce apoptosis in CaSki and HeLa cell lines. 2. TGF-B as well as EGF, TGF-a, did not affect the process of apoptosis significantly. 3. The time to occur apoptosis was different between CaSki and HeLa cells treated by growth factots. 4. G1 phase was the checkpoint in CaSki and HeLa cells treated with TGF-B. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that TGF-B as well as EGF, TGF-a does not induce apoptosis and cell growth inhibition.
Apoptosis* ; Cell Cycle Checkpoints* ; Cell Cycle* ; Cell Line* ; Epidermal Growth Factor* ; Epithelial Cells ; Flow Cytometry ; G1 Phase ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Ligands ; Mitogens ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms*

No abstract available.
Bartter Syndrome*

Blood group isoantigens (BGS) A, B and H comprise a group of carbohydrate cell surface markers found not only on the erythrocytes but in wide variety of epithelial cells and body fluid on 80% of the human population. There has been increasing interest in the changes in blood group A, B and H antigen expression in various epithelial malignancies. These changes included deletion of A, B determinants, accumulation of precursor substances, increment or neosynthesis of imcomplete blood group antigens and synthesis of sialylated substances bearing blood group carbohydrate chains. Also these changes have been explained as an evidence of immunologic dedifferentiation analogous to the morphologic dedifferenctiation of anaplasia. isoantigens may be altered in epithelial tissues that show repair and regeneration, metaplastic changes and dysplasia. We studied that the changes of blood group isoantigens A, B and H in 30 cases of adenocarcinoma of the colon, 27 cases of adjacent mucosa and 19 cases of metastatic lymph nodes by immunohistochemical study. In ascending, transverse and rectosigmoid colon, the blood group isoantigens A, B and H are positive in 57.1%, 0% and 57.1% of adenocarcinomas and 100%, 50% and 0% in adjacent mucosae, respectively. In ascending colon,the frequency of the metastasis and recurrences in Blood group isoantigen positive and negative cases are 75% and 66.6% and in rectosigmoid colon, those are 50.5% and 90.0%, respectively. In tumors of the ascending colon, there was no significant correlation between antigen content and frequency of metastasis. However, the cancer of the rectosigmoid colon with bloodgroup isoantigen positive were associated with a lower frequency of metastasis than those without blood group isoantigen. (p=0.045). The data suggests that the immunohistochemical studies of blood group isoantigen may be of value in estimating the clinical behavior of certain colon carcinoma.
Humans ; Adenocarcinoma ; Neoplasm Metastasis

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical effect and reproductive outcome of pelviscopic ovarian drilling in infertile patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome resistant to clomiphene citrate. METHODS: Twenty two patients involved in this study were taken pelviscopic ovarian drilling with needle electrocautery. Change of characteristic LH/FSH ratio before and after operative treatment, ovulation and pregnancy success were followed up. Paired t-test was applied for hormonal change (p<0.05). RESULTS: Thirteen of 14 patients (93%) treated only with pelviscopic ovarian drilling showed successful ovulation with or without clomiphene citrate and among these 10 patients (71%) were success in pregnancy and 9 patients delivered full term babies. When including patients who needed other assisted reproductive technique and specific medication of endometriosis 17 of 22 patients (77%) were successfully pregnant and 15 patients (68%) delivered healthy babies. The mean LH/FSH ratio 2.0+/-0.5 before treatment were decreased to 1.26+/-0.37 after treatment (p<0.05). Interestingly, among 22 patients, various degree endometriosis were found during pelviscopy and specific medication with GnRH analogue were followed. CONCLUSION: Pelviscopic ovarian drilling showed successful ovulation rate and effective reproductive outcome in clomiphene-resistant infertile patients with PCO. This surgical technique seems to be an alternative step for the management of clomiphene-resistant infertile patients with PCO and also for the diagnosis of possible high rate of endometriosis in these patents.
Clomiphene* ; Diagnosis ; Electrocoagulation ; Endometriosis ; Female ; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone ; Humans ; Needles ; Ovulation ; Polycystic Ovary Syndrome* ; Pregnancy ; Reproductive Techniques, Assisted