Purpose: This study investigates the necessary educational materials from the perspective of caregivers managing food allergies of preschoolers. Methods: An online survey enrolled 400 caregivers of preschoolers with food allergies. The study was conducted in July 2022, and data were analyzed using the IBM SPSS Statistics 25. Results: The caregivers of preschoolers with food allergies showed low food allergy knowledge. The highest percentage of incorrect answers were for items related to the cause (74.2%) and response (65.2%) to food allergies. Moreover, categorizing the levels of knowledge as high, medium, and low, we found that caregivers with younger children exhibited a better understanding of food allergies. Approximately 56.9% of subjects in the high class were caregivers with preschoolers under three years, whereas caregivers with preschoolers over four years comprised 43.2% of the high-class subjects. Regarding food allergy treatment, four questions measured how well the caregivers tended to the children. With higher levels of knowledge, caregivers were more likely to read nutrient information and check for food allergens. The caregivers of preschoolers who were clinically diagnosed with food allergies demonstrated a higher percentage of using separate ingredients and cooking utensils. Conclusion This study shows how the caregivers’ knowledge levels are critical in managing and treating food allergies among preschoolers. With caregivers’ lower knowledge of food allergies and preschoolers younger than four years, self-diagnosis of food allergies and existing food allergies were not managed efficiently. Hence, customized education for caregivers is essential to improve their knowledge level regarding limiting foods that may cause allergies, reading food labels, and using ingredients and cooking utensils separately.

Purpose: To investigate the outcomes of re-fixation after the first intraocular lens (IOL) scleral fixation. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the charts of patients who underwent second IOL scleral fixation and vitrectomy for dislocation of IOL after the first IOL scleral fixation. We compared the best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and spherical equivalent (SE) after 1 month of the first and second surgery, and noted the complications. Results: We included 21 eyes that underwent second IOL scleral fixation: 13 eyes (61.9%) with IOL exchange and eight (38.1%) with one-haptic fixation. Mean BCVAs (LogMAR) were 0.17 ± 0.25 and 0.11 ± 0.23 after the first and second surgery, respectively (p = 0.073); mean SEs were -0.94 ± 1.69 and -0.58 ± 1.46 diopters after the first and second surgery, respectively (p = 0.076). Postoperative complications occurred in eight eyes (38.1%), including temporarily increased intraocular pressure and suture knots exposure. However, none of the complications required re-operation. Conclusions The outcomes of primary and secondary IOL fixation were similar, and there were no serious complications of the second surgery.

Purpose: To investigate the outcomes of re-fixation after the first intraocular lens (IOL) scleral fixation. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the charts of patients who underwent second IOL scleral fixation and vitrectomy for dislocation of IOL after the first IOL scleral fixation. We compared the best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and spherical equivalent (SE) after 1 month of the first and second surgery, and noted the complications. Results: We included 21 eyes that underwent second IOL scleral fixation: 13 eyes (61.9%) with IOL exchange and eight (38.1%) with one-haptic fixation. Mean BCVAs (LogMAR) were 0.17 ± 0.25 and 0.11 ± 0.23 after the first and second surgery, respectively (p = 0.073); mean SEs were -0.94 ± 1.69 and -0.58 ± 1.46 diopters after the first and second surgery, respectively (p = 0.076). Postoperative complications occurred in eight eyes (38.1%), including temporarily increased intraocular pressure and suture knots exposure. However, none of the complications required re-operation. Conclusions The outcomes of primary and secondary IOL fixation were similar, and there were no serious complications of the second surgery.

Diseases involving hip may influence on the anatomy of the proximal femur, especially on the endosteal canal shape. The simple radiographic comparative study was performed between normal and diseased hips. For the diseasd hip group, 74 hips ol' femoral head AVN(avascular necrosis) (average age: 49.3 years old, patients were all male) who had limped for average l9 months were selected and 77 male hips (average age: 48.9 years old) who had no prior hip disease were selected for the normal hip group. The external shape of both group showed no significant differences except for the femoral head dimensions. Statistically significant differences were ohserved hetween two groups in the proximal endosteal canal shape and cortical thickness. The femur of the diseased hip group had wider canal from the level of distal to lesser trochanter to the level of isthmus, with a significant reduction in the metaphyseal index (the ratio hetween the canal width proximal to lesser trochanter and distal to lesser trochanter) and the canal flare index (p<0.001). Theoretically this study suggests that the optimal fit and fill to the proximal endostcal canals of normal and diseased hips cannot be obtained by oneshape cementless femoral stcms.
Femur* ; Head ; Hip* ; Humans ; Male

PURPOSE: This study was performed to investigate clinical findings of acute neurologic complications and risk factors for chronic neurologic complications of bacterial meningitis in children. METHODS: Pediatric patients with community acquired bacterial meningitis diagnosed at Seoul National University Children's Hospital and Bundang Seoul National University Hospital were included. We investigated the relative frequency of neurologic complications and distribution of causative organisms. Chronic neurologic complication was defined as persistent neurologic deficit including recurrent seizures 6 months from the diagnosis. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to identify risk factors for epilepsy and motor deficits, which were the most frequently reported chronic neurologic complications. RESULTS: A total of 90 cases were included in the study. Thirteen cases with less than 6 months follow-up duration were excluded from the analysis of risk factors for chronic neurologic complications. The mean age at diagnosis was 15.6 months. Streptococcus agalactiae was the most common pathogen accounting for 27 cases, followed by Streptococcus pneumoniae (19 cases), Hemophilus influenzae type b (13 cases), and Neisseria meningitidis (12 cases). Acute neurologic complications were found in 28 cases (31%): cerebral infarction in 16 cases, subdural effusion in 15 cases, and hydrocephalus in 9 cases. Chronic neurologic complications were found in 41 (53%) cases: epilepsy in 28 cases, motor deficit in 16 cases, hearing loss in 6 cases, and cognitive impairment in 4 cases. Cerebral infarction and S. pneumoniae infection were identified as risk factors for epilepsy. Cerebral infarction was a unique risk factor for motor deficit. CONCLUSION: Cerebral infarction is the important risk factor for the development of chronic neurologic complications including epilepsy and motor deficit in pediatric patients with bacterial meningitis.
Accounting ; Cerebral Infarction ; Child ; Epilepsy ; Follow-Up Studies ; Haemophilus influenzae type b ; Hearing Loss ; Humans ; Hydrocephalus ; Logistic Models ; Meningitis, Bacterial ; Neisseria meningitidis ; Neurologic Manifestations ; Pneumonia ; Risk Factors ; Seizures ; Streptococcus agalactiae ; Streptococcus pneumoniae ; Subdural Effusion

Apoptosis is a physiologic or programmed cell death process which is controlled by genes. It is essential for the function and the appropriate development of multicellular organism. It is also thought to be one of the main mechanisms of cell death in ischemic tissues. The effect of prostaglandin E1(PGE1) is proven to be useful in the recovery of ischemic changes by inducing vasodilation of peripheral vessels and platelet disaggregation. PGE1 is also known to suppress apoptosis in human liver sinusoidal endothelial cell from ischemia-reperfusion injury. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of PGE1 on the apoptosis in the ischemia reperfusion injury of rat intestine. Thirty Sprague-Dawley rats were used. In control group(N=15), superior mesenteric artery was occluded for 60 minutes and after removing the vessel clamp, it was reperfused for 60 minutes and harvested. In experimental group(N=15), a jejunal flap was also made as in the control group except for the intraarterial administration of the PGE1 right after clamping the artery and removing the clamp. H&E, TUNEL and immunohistochemical stains for p53, bax, and bcl-2 were performed. There were ischemic changes in gross and microscopic findings in both groups. The apoptotic index was significantly lower in the experimental group(1.29+/-0.82(p=0.003)) than in the control group (2.33+/-0.95). The rat intestinal ischemia apoptosis by ischemia-reperfusion was partly related to the modulating of bcl-2, bax, and p53 expression. Our results indicate that PGE1 suppresses the apoptosis in the ischemic jejunal flap and this effect is probably the result of a increase in expression of bcl-2.
Alprostadil* ; Animals ; Apoptosis* ; Arteries ; Blood Platelets ; Cell Death ; Coloring Agents ; Constriction ; Endothelial Cells ; Humans ; In Situ Nick-End Labeling ; Intestinal Mucosa* ; Intestines ; Ischemia* ; Liver ; Mesenteric Artery, Superior ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Reperfusion Injury* ; Vasodilation

PURPOSE: Photogrammetry has been introduced as an alternative to direct measurement to obtain facial distances for a variety of anthropometric applications. The aim of this study is to establish morphological and functional value of an eye in Korean youths using specially designed computer software with digital photographic images. METHODS: Authors measured anthropometry of an eye in Korean youths 1,449 individuals(622 males, 827 females) and analyzed stastically them. RESULTS: The mean measurements are as follows. The diameter of cornea was 11.6+/-0.9mm in males and 11.3+/-0.9mm in females. The vertical dimension of palpebral fissure was 7.4+/-1.7mm in males and 8.2+/-1.6mm in females. The intercanthal width was 35.8+/-3.2mm in males and 34.4+/-2.9mm in females. The biocular width was 90.4+/-5.7mm in males and 87.4+/-5.3mm in females. The endocantion-superior margin of palpebral fissure distance was 12.7+/-1.4mm in males and 11.6+/-1.4mm in females. The horizontal dimension of palpebral fissure was 28.5+/-2.2mm in males and 27.4+/-1.9mm in females. The slant of palpebral fissure was 10.7+/-2.6degrees in males and 11.3+/-3.0degrees in females. The height of upper eyelid was 10.6+/-2.3mm in males and 10.7+/-2.3mm in females. The width of double fold was 2.0+/-0.7mm in males and 1.9+/-0.6 mm in females. A double fold was seen in 21.9% of males and 44.9% of females. The most frequent shape of the double fold was type IV. The most common type of epicanthal fold was type III in both males and females. CONCLUSION: Photogrammetic measurement of large population using specially designed software could offer reliable data and these data could be useful reference for preoperative consultation, surgical planning and anthropometic study of eye.
Adolescent* ; Anthropometry ; Cornea ; Eyelids ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Photogrammetry ; Vertical Dimension

PURPOSE: Photogrammetry has been introduced as an alternative to direct measurement to obtain facial distances for a variety of anthropometric applications. The aim of this study is to establish morphological and functional value of an eye in Korean youths using specially designed computer software with digital photographic images. METHODS: Authors measured anthropometry of an eye in Korean youths 1,449 individuals(622 males, 827 females) and analyzed stastically them. RESULTS: The mean measurements are as follows. The diameter of cornea was 11.6+/-0.9mm in males and 11.3+/-0.9mm in females. The vertical dimension of palpebral fissure was 7.4+/-1.7mm in males and 8.2+/-1.6mm in females. The intercanthal width was 35.8+/-3.2mm in males and 34.4+/-2.9mm in females. The biocular width was 90.4+/-5.7mm in males and 87.4+/-5.3mm in females. The endocantion-superior margin of palpebral fissure distance was 12.7+/-1.4mm in males and 11.6+/-1.4mm in females. The horizontal dimension of palpebral fissure was 28.5+/-2.2mm in males and 27.4+/-1.9mm in females. The slant of palpebral fissure was 10.7+/-2.6degrees in males and 11.3+/-3.0degrees in females. The height of upper eyelid was 10.6+/-2.3mm in males and 10.7+/-2.3mm in females. The width of double fold was 2.0+/-0.7mm in males and 1.9+/-0.6 mm in females. A double fold was seen in 21.9% of males and 44.9% of females. The most frequent shape of the double fold was type IV. The most common type of epicanthal fold was type III in both males and females. CONCLUSION: Photogrammetic measurement of large population using specially designed software could offer reliable data and these data could be useful reference for preoperative consultation, surgical planning and anthropometic study of eye.
Adolescent* ; Anthropometry ; Cornea ; Eyelids ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Photogrammetry ; Vertical Dimension

Purpose: To evaluate the clinical characteristics of Korean patients diagnosed with retinitis pigmentosa. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients diagnosed with retinitis pigmentosa from January 2014 to December 2019. We evaluated age, gender, the chief complaints, posterior subcapsular cataract status, abnormalities on optical coherence tomography, visual field test results, and electrooculograms. Results: A total of 492 eyes of 246 patients were included. The mean patient age was 48.0 ± 16.0 years and the chief complaints were decreased vision and night blindness. The mean logarithm of the minimal angle of resolution (logMAR) best‐corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 0.31 ± 0.50. The BCVA was 0.5 or better in 368 eyes (74.8%). A total of 328 (71.0%) of 462 eyes that underwent visual field testing exhibited visual field defects within 10º. The mean Arden ratio was 1.28 ± 0.28 for the 242 eyes that underwent electro‐oculography. Optical coherence tomography revealed vitreomacular traction/an epiretinal membrane, cystoid macular edema, and retinal thinning in 135 (27.4%), 48 (9.8%), and 112 (22.8%) eyes, respectively. The ellipsoid zone was intact in 222 eyes (45.1%), disrupted in 220 (44.7%), and absent in 50 (10.2%). Conclusions Most patients with retinitis pigmentosa exhibited visual acuity of 0.5 or better, but also had central visual field defects. Various abnormalities were noted on optical coherence tomography of most patients.

No abstract availble
Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/*adverse effects/therapeutic use ; Colon/pathology/radiography ; Colonoscopy ; Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous/diagnosis/*etiology ; Fluorouracil/*adverse effects/therapeutic use ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Rectal Neoplasms/*drug therapy ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed