BACKGROUND: Total intravenous anesthesia with propofol can cause respiratory depression and apnea especially during induction of anesthesia. To study the possibility of reversal of respiratory depression during anesthesia with propofol, pretreated with nabuphine or not, the respiratory effects of doxapram to spontaneously ventilating patients were investigated. METHODS: Patients were divided into 4 groups - saline-propofol-saline group (SPS), saline-propofol- doxapram group (SPD), nalbuphine-propofol-saline group (NPS), and nalbuphine-propofol-doxapram group (NPD). After saline or nalbuphine pretreatment, anesthesia was induced with propofol and then doxapram or saline was intravenously injected. Apneic time interval, blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, minute ventilation, end tidal CO2 partial pressure and oxygen saturation were measured in every minutes during induction of anesthesia. Percent changes of each values were compared. RESULTS: There is no differences in apneic time intervals in each groups. The percent change of first minute ventilation in SPD group after doxapram injection unchanged significantly compared with those depressions of SPS, NPS and NPD group (p<0.05). Respiratory rates increased in SPD and SPS groups after laryngeal mask insertion. There is no differences in minute ventilation, respiratory rate and end-tidal CO2 concentration between nalbuphine pretreated groups regardless of doxapram injection. CONCLUSIONS: Doxapram has effect in increasing minute ventilation after propofol induction within first few minutes, but it cannot reverse respiratory depression during propofol induction pretreated with nalbuphine.
Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, Intravenous* ; Apnea ; Blood Pressure ; Depression ; Doxapram* ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Laryngeal Masks ; Nalbuphine* ; Oxygen ; Partial Pressure ; Propofol* ; Respiratory Insufficiency ; Respiratory Rate ; Ventilation

Since 1983, the transtrochanteric rotational osteotomy has been performed in 38 hips of 36 patients for the nontraumatic avascular necrosis of the femoral head at the department of orthopaedic surgery of Seoul National University Hospital. Out of them, 26 hips(18 cases of Sugioka grade I and 8 cases of Sugioka grade II ) were followed up for more than 1 year. The average period of follow-up was 3 years and 5 months(range, 1 year and 2 months to 7 years). These cases include 3 cases of failure before 2 years after operation. Overall, the result was satisfactory in 20 cases(77%)out of a total of 26 cases(success in 18 cases(69%)and good in 2 cases(8%)). The results of the grade I lesions(14 cases of success and 1 case of good result out of 18 cases) were better than those of the grade I lesions(4 cases of success and 1 case of good result out of 8 cases). Complications occurred in 5 cases. These include an ectopic ossification, a stress fracture of the neck, a nonunion of the osteotomy site, a nonunion of the greater trochanter and a delayed union of the greater trochanter. There were 6 cases of failure. For the 4 cases of them, hip replacement arthroplasy was performed. The MRI images axial to the longitudinal axis of the femoral neck gave excellent information for the operation.
Femur ; Femur Neck ; Follow-Up Studies ; Fractures, Stress ; Head ; Hip ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Neck ; Necrosis ; Ossification, Heterotopic ; Osteotomy ; Seoul

We compared radiologically two groups of total hip prostheses, 36 porous-coated and 51 hydroxyapatite-coated, which had been implanted in 87 hips of 73 patients with avascular necrosis of the femoral head. Radiographs were taken at postoperative 1 year and 2 year, and used to compare various radiological parameters between the two groups. For the acetabular side radioluscent line and osteolysis were evaluated, and for the femoral side radioluscent line, osteolysis, stress shielding. endosteal new bone formation, subsidence and cortical hypertrophy were evaluated; their location was identified according to the zones described by DeLee and Charnley for the acetabulum and according to those described by Gruen et al for the femur. In both groups there was no subsidence. In terms of osteolysis, stress shielding and cortical hyper-trophy there was no significant difference between the two groups throughout the period. Radioluscent line in the acetabulum was more common around the porous-coated cup, but was focal and not progressive. The rate of radioluscent line in the femur was a little higher around hydroxyapatite-coated stem especially in zone 5. Endosteal new bone formation was excellent in both groups, but was more extensive around hydroxyapatite-coated stem. This study suggests that hydroxyapatite coating play a certain role in terms of bony ingrowth.
Acetabulum ; Durapatite* ; Femur ; Head ; Hip ; Hip Prosthesis ; Humans ; Hypertrophy ; Necrosis ; Osteogenesis ; Osteolysis

No abstract available.

We reviewed 205 hips (in 151 patients, 125 men and 26 women) which were diagnosed osteonecrosis of femoral head and treated with bipolar endoprosthesis from 1985 to 1993 in Seoul National University Hospital to delineate the efficacy and indication of use of bipolar endoprosthesis in osteonecrosis. They were followed up for an average of 56 months (16 to 100 months). The mean age at operation was 44 years (21 to 84 years). The types of prosthesis used were as follows : Omnift (107), AML (57), Harris-Galante (19) and others (22). The preoperative Harris hip score improved from 49 points preoperatively to 89 points at last follow-up. The pain score improved from 18 points to 39 points, activity score from 9 points to 12 points and gait scare from 19 points to 31 points. The improvement pattern of activities and gait was converse, but that of pain was diverse. One hundred and seventy-eight hips (87%) were satisfactory (Harris hip score : more than 80 points) and 27 (13%) were unsatisfactory. Radiologic findings of last follow-up showed stable bony fixation in 186 hips (91%), stable fibrous fixation in 12 hips (6%) and unstable fixation in 7 hips (3%), Ten migrations of prosthesis were noted: cup migration 5 (2.4%) and stem sinking 5 (2.4%). Heterotopic ossification was noted in 9 (4.4%). Osteolysis in acetabular side was observed in 6 (3%) and in femoral side, 22 (11%). Complications were as follows : 4 stem loosening (1.9%), 5 fixed varus position of cup (2.4%) and 1 dislocation of cup (0.5%). Revision was performed in 4 (1.9%) and the causes were 1 infection, 1 protrusio acetabuli, 1 stem loosening and 1 cup dislocation. In conclusion, biopolar endoprosthesis generally gave good results. However, the improvement of pain was unpredictable. Increasing tendency of osteolysis was noted with increasing follow-up duration. Long-term follow-up is mandatory for the accurate determination of osteolysis.
Acetabulum ; Dislocations ; Follow-Up Studies ; Gait ; Head ; Hip ; Humans ; Male ; Ossification, Heterotopic ; Osteolysis ; Osteonecrosis ; Prostheses and Implants ; Seoul

Total hip replacement arthroplasties(THRA) have been done in 19 patients(31 hips), who were diagnosed ad ankylosing spondylitis from January, 1984 till July, 1993 at Seoul National University Hospital. All patients were male; 12 patients were affected bilaterally. Modified New York criteria was used as diagnostic criteria. HLA B27 antigen was positive in 18 cases(95%). The thoracolumbar spine and sacroiliac joint were affected in all cases and cervical spine was affected in five patients, among them, fiberoptic laryngoscopic intubation was needed in four cases. The trastrochanteric approach was used in 19 cases, which have severe limitation of motion and deformity of the acetabulum. For the prevention of postoperative heterotopic ossification, low dose radiation therapies were done in 10 cases of the risk group. The average follow-up period was three year and eleven months(two year-seven year and 10 months). Harris hip score and radiographs were obtained at each follow-up. The mean preoperative Harris hip score was 50(19–90), and finally, the mean Harris hip score was 87(68–96). Loosening of endoprothesis was noted in 3 cases and heterotopic ossification in 5 hips. Ischial enthesopathy was observed in 13 cases. Among the hips which had heterotopic ossification, four were class Ι by Brooker's classification and only one was class Ⅲ. No nonunion was observed in the cases which had trochanteric osteotomy expect breakage of wire in 4 cases. In THRA of ankylosing spendylitis, we obtained good result clinically and radiologically. In severely affected cases, we had used transtrochanteric approach and obtained good result due to better operative field. The incidence of heterotopic ossification was not significant and the prophylactic low dose radiation therapy seems to be effective in risk group.
Acetabulum ; Arthroplasty ; Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip ; Classification ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Femur ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hip ; HLA-B27 Antigen ; Humans ; Incidence ; Intubation ; Male ; Ossification, Heterotopic ; Osteotomy ; Rheumatic Diseases ; Sacroiliac Joint ; Seoul ; Spine ; Spondylitis, Ankylosing

Avascular necrosis of the femoral head is the most common disease for which total hip arthroplasty is being performed in Korea. In order to develop a femoral stem having a proper fit to Korean femur, it is essential to study the change in the shape of the proximal endosteal canal of the femur resulting from disuse caused by pain avascular necrosis of the femoral head. The size and shape of the proximal femur were measured with 3-dimensional images reconstructed from the CT data of 116 femurs in 58 patients who had suffered from avascular necrosis of the femoral head. Among them, there were 30 patients who had suffered from unilateral involvement of avascular necrosis of the femoral head. The comparative study was made on the shape of the proximal endosteal canal of the femur between the normal and the diseased femurs. The shape of proximal endosteal canal of femur in avascular necrosis didn't show statistically significant difference from that of the normal femur. Therefore, the femoral stem designed from the data of normal femurs can be usually applied to the avascular necrosis without problem in obtaining the maximal fit between the stem and the endosteal canal. The canal flare index was greater and the proportion of champagne-flute type was higher in Korean than in Westerner. The shape of the endosteal canal of isthmus was nearly circular in Korean in contrast to anteroposteriorly ovoid in Westerner. The distribution of sagittal canal flare index which was newly defined in this study was entirely different from that of preexisting canal flare index in coronal plane. It will be necessary to study further in the future.
Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip ; Femur ; Head ; Humans ; Korea ; Necrosis

No abstract available.
Estradiol* ; Female ; Menstrual Cycle* ; Superovulation*

Bacillus anthracis is a soil pathogen capable of causing anthrax in animals and humans. To establish a method for specifically detecting B. anthracis, we used nested polymerase chain reaction. Outer and inner sets of oligonucleotide primers were designed from the protective antigen (pag) gene and from the cya gene of the plasmid pXO1. Ainplification of 482 bp or 208 bp DNA fragment obtained from a nested PCR method provided the basis for rapid and reliable assay for the detection and identification of B. anthracis.
Animals ; Anthrax ; Bacillus anthracis* ; Bacillus* ; DNA ; DNA Primers ; Humans ; Plasmids ; Polymerase Chain Reaction* ; Soil

BACKGROUND: Onychomycosis has become one of the common fungal infection. However, highly reliable and sensitive methods of detecting and identifying causative fungi of onychomycosis are not established yet. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of clinical specimens including blood, sputum, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid collected from patient systemically infected fungus is known as a sensitive diagnostic method. But it has been questionable whether PCR analysis is also applicable to onychomycosis. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to develop a DNA-based diagnostic method to improve the sensitivity and specificity of detection and identification of pathogenic fungi of onychomycosis. METHODS: To detect the fungi in the nail, PCR was performed by using 4 sets of primer (TR1 & TR2, NS5 & NS6, B2F & B4R and CA1 & CA2) designed in conserved sequences of the small ribosomal subunit (185-rRNA) genes and restriction enzyme analysis of amplified product by Hae III was done to identify species. Nail specimens were obtained from 19 cases of onychomycosis confirm by fungus culture. RESULTS: 1. Preparation of nail powder, which is necessary for removal of keratin, and composition of lysis buffer with guanidinium thiocyanate, Tris-HCl, and beta -mercaptoethanol are the most proper modalities for isolation of fungal DNA from fungus-infesting nails. 2. Specific fragments of the 18S-rRNA gene of fungi, 581 bp, 308 bp, 688 bp and 1106 bp were amplified respectively. From sequences of 18S-rRNA gene of fungi by universal primers, dermatophytes (Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes) and yeast (Candida albicans) yielded identical products. 3. Using Hae III endonuclease, digested patterns of fragment of Trichophyton rubrum and Candida albicans resulted in different pattern. CONCLUSION: This method released enough DNA from fungus-infected nails to result in proper amplification and it can be possible to differentiate dermatophytes, yeasts, and molds using Hae III endonuclease. The present study is the first one to demonstrate the feasibility of this molecular biologic approach to identify fungi in the infected nail. Therefore, precise detection and identification of the causative fungi would be of help in investigating distribution of the causative fungi of onychomycosis as well as appropriate treatment of the disease.
Arthrodermataceae ; Candida albicans ; Cerebrospinal Fluid ; Conserved Sequence ; Diagnosis* ; DNA ; DNA, Fungal ; Fungi* ; Guanidine ; Humans ; Onychomycosis* ; Polymerase Chain Reaction* ; Restriction Mapping* ; Ribosome Subunits, Small ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Sputum ; Trichophyton ; Yeasts