Objectives: In May 2025, clusters of salmonellosis were identified in 7 cities in the Republic of Korea, all associated with consumption of identical bakery products. This investigation aimed to characterize the outbreak, identify potential contributing factors, and inform strategies for preventing similar multi-facility foodborne outbreaks. Methods: A case series study was conducted among individuals who consumed Manufacturer H’s Product I and Product II on May 15–16, 2025 at 7 facilities (n = 1,235). Clinical specimens from symptomatic individuals, retained food samples, and environmental samples were collected and tested. Food-exposure histories were assessed, and active case finding was implemented across all supplied facilities. Traceback investigations were conducted at the manufacturer, distributor, and egg farms. Human and food isolates underwent pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Results: A total of 323 cases met the outbreak case definition (attack rate, 26.2%), of which 48 were laboratory-confirmed. Salmonella Enteritidis was isolated from both clinical specimens and retained bakery products. PFGE patterns were indistinguishable between human and food isolates, and WGS demonstrated high genetic relatedness. These findings confirmed a common-source outbreak linked to the implicated bakery products. Conclusion This outbreak underscores the value of integrating epidemiological investigation, active case finding, and molecular typing to identify common food vehicles in outbreaks involving widely distributed manufactured foods. Coordinated collaboration between public health and food safety authorities is essential for the effective detection, response, and prevention of multi-facility foodborne outbreaks.

Purpose: The Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (KDRIs) serve as a foundation for nutrition policy, nutrition education, and dietary intake evaluation among healthy Koreans.The KDRIs are revised every five years to ensure that the guidelines are based on a robust and up-to-date scientific foundation. For the 2025 KDRIs for calcium, the 2020 KDRIs were revisited, and references were critically evaluated. Methods: All references cited in the 2020 KDRIs were extracted, reviewed, and organized according to the framework for the estimated average requirement (EAR). Each reference was evaluated based on the participant characteristics, including age, race/ethnicity, and health status, as well as study design, exposure, and outcomes. In addition, calculations for the EAR and Recommended Nutritient Intakes were re-examined for each sex and age group and compared with the current literature. Results: Major revisions in the 2025 KDRIs were driven by updates in the reference bodyweight, improved consistency in rounding and coefficients of variation, inclusion of studies in East Asian populations, and clarification of the use of calcium balance studies.Nevertheless, further studies in Koreans, particularly in pregnant and lactating women, are needed to strengthen the scientific evidence for the calcium DRI. Conclusion The 2025 KDRIs for calcium were revised to be based on more robust logical reasoning and calculation methods. Future research conducted on Korean populations is necessary to define the calcium requirements for Koreans more accurately.

Purpose: This study evaluated the effects of a clinical nurse educator (CNE)-led training program for newly graduated nurses on individual and organizational outcomes using Kirkpatrick’s four-level evaluation model. Methods: A quasi-experimental, nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design was employed. A total of 367 new nurses from a tertiary hospital in Korea participated, including 186 in the control group (traditional training, 2022 cohort) and 181 in the experimental group (CNE-led training, 2023 cohort). Data were obtained from institutional records. Outcomes included educational satisfaction, clinical knowledge scores, discontinuation of the nurse residency program (NRP) before independent practice, patient safety incident reports, and one-year personnel turnover. Results: Clinical knowledge scores improved significantly in the experimental group compared with the control group (p=.021). The one-year personnel turnover rate decreased significantly from 27.4% to 18.8% (p=.043). Although educational satisfaction and NRP discontinuation rates improved, the differences were not statistically significant. No significant differences were observed in patient safety incident reports. Conclusion The CNE-led training program effectively enhanced clinical competence and reduced early personnel turnover. These findings underscore the importance of structured onboarding programs in promoting early clinical adaptation and strengthening organizational retention.

This study investigated the relationship between the perceptions and consumption patterns of alternative sweetener (AS) foods among healthy young adults.We surveyed and classified two hundred and fifty adults aged 20~30 years residing in Hwaseong-si into high- and low-intake groups based on the frequency of AS beverage consumption. Data were collected using self-administered questionnaires assessing general characteristics, awareness, purchasing behavior, satisfaction, dietary habits, and health management behaviors, followed by correlation analyses. The high-intake group showed significantly higher awareness of specific sweeteners, including aspartame, sucralose, erythritol, and maltitol (P<0.05). The high-intake group was also more likely to check nutrition labeling (P<0.05) and identify diet- and health-related factors as primary purchase motives (P<0.001). Although overall satisfaction with AS foods was above average in both groups, it was significantly higher in the high-intake group (P<0.001). General dietary behaviors did not differ substantially between groups, but carbonated beverage consumption was significantly higher in the high-intake group (P<0.001). Regarding health-related behaviors, individuals in the high-intake group were more likely to perceive themselves as slightly overweight (P<0.05) and reported a higher frequency of weight control efforts (P<0.05). Correlation analysis confirmed a significant positive association between overall intake frequency and overall perception of AS. In conclusion, favorable perceptions of ASs are associated with higher consumption and purchase intentions, while consumption patterns vary according to the type of use. Nevertheless, limited detailed knowledge highlights the need for improved nutrition labeling and consumer education to support informed consumption.

This study is a convergence study that empirically verifies the principles of the Hunminjeongeum Joongsung-Ja (中聲字, vowel) system, especially the principles of the pictorial patterns of the initial and re-involved characters, using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). According to the principle stated in the Jejahae (制字解) of the Hunminjeongeum Haeryebon—that “the 28 characters of Jeongeum were each modeled after their shapes”—this study aimed to prove that all characters were devised to reflect the shape of the vocal tract when pronounced. Four participants, including both younger and older adults including both sexes were enrolled in this study, and real-time MRI scans and acoustic analysis were conducted. In the analysis of the Cho-Chul-Ja (初出字, /ㅗ, ㅏ, ㅜ, ㅓ/), clear differences were observed in the structure of the vocal tract and the shape of the resonance cavity according to the vowels, and the degree of lip opening and the length of the vocal tract showed a close relationship with the acoustic characteristics of each vowel. In the Jae-Chul-Ja (再出字, /ㅛ, ㅑ, ㅠ, ㅕ/), changes in the shape of the resonance cavity were observed along with changes in tongue movement and lip opening during diphthong utterances, and it was confirmed that this is directly related to acoustic characteristics. The results of this study confirmed that the principle of the Hunminjeongeum Joongsung-Ja (中聲字, vowel) is closely related to the form of resonance cavity in the actual articulation process. It was confirmed that it was created by the synthesis (Hapsung, 合成) of the three letters “Cheon-ji-in (天地人, /•, ㅡ, ㅣ/)”, and it was also confirmed that the pictorial principles of the first and second versions are based on the shape and movement of the resonance tube. It is significant in that it re-examines the scientific sophistication of the vowel system devised during the creation of Hunminjeongeum in the 15th century with modern technology. This shows that Hunminjeongeum is not just a philosophical symbol, but a writing system that reflects the anatomical structure and physiological movements of actual speech organs.

Background: Strain elastography (SE) and shear wave elastography (SWE) are emerging techniques for evaluating the elasticity of soft tissue. This study aimed to determine interobserver and intraobserver reliability for elasticity measurements of different tissues and anatomic locations using SE and SWE. Methods: Ten healthy adult male individuals with 20 upper extremities participated in this study. The elasticities of the wrist extensor muscle, the common extensor tendon, and supraspinatus tendon were measured. Strain ratio and shear wave velocity were measured twice by 2 different examiners (examiner 1 with over 20 years of experience in musculoskeletal sonography and examiner 2 with 1 year of experience). Interobserver and intraobserver reliability was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Results: The 10 individuals’ age ranged from 28 to 35 years. In SE, interobserver reliabilities at the 3 anatomic locations (wrist extensor muscle, common extensor tendon, and supraspinatus tendon) showed fair to moderate agreement (ICC = 0.489, p = 0.076;ICC = 0.408, p = 0.131; and ICC = 0.296, p = 0.711, respectively). The intraobserver reliabilities of examiner 1 were moderate to substantial only at the wrist extensor muscle and the common extensor tendon (ICC = 0.563, p = 0.039 and ICC = 0.702, p = 0.006, respectively). In SWE, interobserver reliabilities for the wrist extensor muscle and the supraspinatus tendon were moderate to substantial (ICC = 0.756, p = 0.002 and ICC = 0.565, p = 0.039, respectively). The intraobserver reliabilities of examiner 1 at the 3 anatomic locations were almost perfect (ICC = 0.843, p = 0.001; ICC = 0.800, p = 0.001; and ICC = 0.825, p = 0.001, respectively).The results of examiner 2 showed almost perfect agreement at the wrist extensor muscle (ICC = 0.886, p = 0.001) and moderate to substantial agreement at the tendons of the common extensor and supraspinatus (ICC = 0.592, p = 0.029 and ICC = 0.682, p = 0.008, respectively). Conclusions SWE is a reliable method for assessing the flexibility of soft tissue, but it is affected by expertise and the specific anatomical site.

Background: Post-transplantation cyclophosphamide (PTCy) and anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) are common pro‑ phylactic strategies for graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (haplo-HSCT). Interleukin (IL)-6 is a surrogate marker for cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and acute GVHD.Method The clinical outcomes and complications of haplo-HSCT with PTCy plus ATG versus PTCy monotherapy were compared according to serum IL-6 levels at Chungnam National University Hospital (Daejeon, South Korea) from Jan‑ uary 2019 to February 2023. Results: Forty patients who underwent haplo-HSCT were analyzed. A significant difference in IL-6 levels was observed between the PTCy plus ATG and PTCy alone groups (7.47 ± 10.55 vs. 117.65 ± 127.67; p = 0.003). More patients in the PTCy plus ATG group had a CRS grade of 0 than in the PTCy alone group (p < 0.001). Serum IL-6 levels were associated with grades II–IV acute GVHD (r = 0.547, p < 0.001). The cumulative incidence (CI) of grades II–IV acute GVHD was significantly higher in the PTCy alone group (67.9% vs. 4.8%; p < 0.001). No significant difference in the CI for chronic GVHD was detected between the PTCy plus ATG and PTCy alone groups (72.1% vs. 82.0%; p = 0.730). The CI of 1-year non-relapse mortality was significantly higher in the PTCy alone group than in the PTCy plus ATG group (42.2% vs. 15.9%; p = 0.022). The 1-year overall survival (OS) was significantly better in the PTCy plus ATG group (75.9% vs. 35.3%; p = 0.011). The 1-year GVHD-free, relapse-free survival rate was 29.4% in the PTCy alone group and 54.0% in the PTCy plus ATG group (p = 0.038). Conclusion Serum IL-6 levels were higher in the PTCy alone group than in the PTCy plus ATG group. The addition of ATG before stem cell infusion affected IL-6 levels and reduced the incidences of CRS and grade II–IV acute GVHD in haplo-HSCT patients. This study suggests that PTCy plus ATG as GVHD prophylaxis in haplo-HSCT is beneficial in terms of clinical outcomes and complications of HSCT.