OBJECTIVE: Various degrees of metabolic acidosis are accompanied by the decrease in the kidney function. It is known that dialysis patients' long-term convalescences and complications are related to metabolic acidosis. It is generally known that the extreme acidosis of the dialysis patients should be corrected but on the contrary, there are reports on hemodialysis patients with slight acidosis have better nutritional condition. However, the research results are rare compared to the ratio of diabetic patients among dialysis patients. Therefore, in this paper we tried to reach a conclusion by comparing and analyzing the total carbon dioxide of the serum and other nutrition parameters of the diabetic patients among long-term hemodialysis patients with the non-diabetic patients. METHODS: We divided 50 patients, who have been hemodialysis for longer than three months, into 21 patients with diabetes and 29 patients with non-diabetes. And we compared and analyzed the TCO2 in addition to measuring other parameters based on the blood tests carried out on the beginning of every month from January of 1999 to December of 2000. RESULTS: TCO2 showed a inverse correlation with nPCR, serum albumin, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine on the correlation analysis of the total target patients. And blood urea nitrogen and age were the independent factors in the independent factor analysis using multiple regression analysis. When we divided and compared the total target patients into diabetic patients and non-diabetic patients, there were no significant differences between various kinds of nutrition parameters and dialysis parameters. And TCO2 showed a inverse correlation with nPCR, nPCR being the independent factor in the diabetic patients. In addition, TCO2 showed a inverse correlation with serum creatinine, serum creatinine being the independent factor in the non-diabetic patients. CONCLUSION: Increase of ingestion of protein was one of the important factors in inducing metabolic acidosis, but the TCO2 and improved nutritional condition resulting from ingesting sufficient protein could be preserved in the diabetic patients. Therefore we think that the diabetic patients' nutritional condition and supervision of their ingestion of protein is more needed as sufficient ingestion of protein is a major factor in balancing acid-base for diabetic patients than non-diabetic patients.
Acidosis ; Blood Urea Nitrogen ; Carbon Dioxide ; Convalescence ; Creatinine ; Dialysis ; Eating ; Hematologic Tests ; Humans ; Kidney ; Organization and Administration ; Renal Dialysis* ; Serum Albumin

BACKGROUNDMagnetic targeting therapy may be a new method for the treatment of malignent tumors. The purpose of this study was to investigate the localization and distribution of ferrofluid microsphere of human serum albumin methotrexate (FM-HSA-MTX) carriers in the brain and to explore the magnetic targeting chemotherapy for malignant brain tumor.

METHODSNinety SD rats were divided into three groups: targeting group, non-magnetic targeting group, and control group. Synthesized FM-HSA-MTX carriers (MTX 25 mg/kg) were injected into the systemic circulation via the caudal vein (magnetic targeting group, n = 30). A 0.6 T magnetic field was placed around the right hemisphere. The non-magnetic targeting group (n = 30) was administered with FM-HSA-MTX without external magnetic field, meanwhile the control group (n = 30) was treated with MTX and a magnetic field. Random serial sacrifices (n = 10) were conducted at 15, 30 and 45 minutes after drug administration. Bilateral hemispheres were collected respectively, and analyzed for total MTX content.

RESULTSMTX content in the right hemisphere of the magnetic targeting group was significantly higher than that in the other two groups at 15, 30 and 45 minutes after drug administration (P < 0.05) No difference was seen between the non-targeting group and control group. In the magnetic targeting group, MTX returned to the peak level [(0.564 +/- 0.018) mg/g, q15-45 = 32.252, P < 0.05] 45 minutes after the injection but it deceased in the other two groups [non-magnetic targeting group: (0.060 +/- 0.015) mg/g, q15-45 = 9.245, P < 0.05, control group: (0.074 +/- 0.045) mg/g, q15-45 = 6.299, P < 0.05]. In the magnetic targeting group, the concentration of MTX in the right hemisphere was significantly higher than that in the left hemisphere (t45min = 21.135, P = 0.000) but no difference was observed between bilateral hemispheres in the other two groups (non-magnetic targeting group: t45min = 0.434, P = 0.670; control group: t45min = 0.533, P = 0.600).

CONCLUSIONIn the presence of the external magnetic field, FM-HSA-MTX can distribute successfully in the targeting areas of the brain.

Animals ; Antineoplastic Agents ; administration & dosage ; Brain ; metabolism ; Drug Carriers ; Magnetics ; Methotrexate ; administration & dosage ; pharmacokinetics ; Microspheres ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Serum Albumin ; administration & dosage ; pharmacokinetics

OBJECTIVETo compare the effects of two contrast agents, Gd-DTPA and HSA-Gd-DTPA, in magnetic resonance (MR) lymphography.

METHODSTwelve New-Zealand rabbits were randomized into Gd-DTPA and HSA-Gd-DTPA groups with subcutaneous (interdigital skin fold) injection of the two contrast agents (0.2 ml of 0.5 mmol/L Gd(3+)) for MR lymphography of the popliteal lymph nodes examined in the axial and sagital orientation. T(1)-weighted, T1-weighted fat suppressed, and T(2)-weighted spin-echo (SE) images of the lymph nodes were obtained in plain scans. The post-contrast scanning started at 30 min, 1 h and 3 h after Gd-DTPA administration and at 10 min, 30 min and 60 min after HSA-Gd-DTPA injection to obtain T(1)-weighted images with identical imaging parameters. The signal intensity of popliteal lymph node was measured and the enhancement rate calculated.

RESULTSAfter subcutaneous injection, Gd-DTPA quickly entered blood circulation to result in obvious enhancement of the anterior-tibial vein and the urine and also in heterogeneous enhancement of the popliteal lymph nodes. HSA-Gd-DTPA did not enter the blood, causing obvious homogeneous enhancement of the lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes. HSA-Gd-DTPA resulted in higher enhancement rate than Gd-DTPA, and the enhancement rate in Gd-DTPA group decreased with time as opposed to that of the HSA-Gd-DTPA group.

CONCLUSIONHSA-Gd-DTPA has better performance than Gd-DTPA in MR lymphography after subcutaneous administration.

Animals ; Contrast Media ; administration & dosage ; pharmacokinetics ; Gadolinium DTPA ; administration & dosage ; pharmacokinetics ; Humans ; Lymph Nodes ; diagnostic imaging ; Lymphography ; instrumentation ; methods ; Rabbits ; Random Allocation ; Serum Albumin ; administration & dosage ; pharmacokinetics

A biodegradable modified guar gum microsphere was prepared for the first time by ionic gelation of the guar gum derivative containing quarternary ammonium group with tripolyphosphate at room temperature in the absence of emulsifying agent or organic solvent. Its average particle diameter was about 140 microm and the particle size had a narrow and normal gauss distribution. From the loading experiment of bovine serum album (BSA) with various concentrations, it was found that the encapsulation efficiency is more than 80%. By the investigation of in vitro release from the BSA-loaded microsphere, it was found that the BSA had a continuous release for more than 6 hours and the release percentage was affected by the initial concentration of the BSA and temperature.
Biocompatible Materials ; chemistry ; Drug Carriers ; chemistry ; Drug Delivery Systems ; Galactans ; chemistry ; Mannans ; chemistry ; Microspheres ; Plant Gums ; chemistry ; Proteins ; administration & dosage ; Serum Albumin, Bovine ; administration & dosage

There are some small molecules with potential allergenicity in traditional Chinese medicine injections. They are lack of immunogenicity due to their small molecular weight, but they can lead to allergic reactions when they were coupled with appropriate vectors. Therefore, how to couple small molecule semi-antigens with vectors to prepare complete antigens with immunogenicity and reactogenicity is the key for screening small molecular allergenic substances out of traditional Chinese medicine injections. In terms of semi-antigen characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine injections, vector selection and application, coupling method and complete antigen purification and identification, the author introduces the latest research situations of artificial antigen and antibody preparation technology, the advance in experimental studies on screening of allergenic substances in traditional Chinese medicine injections, as well as the application prospect of immuno-chip technology in studies on allergenic substances in traditional Chinese medicine injections, with the aim of providing new experimental thoughts and methods for safety control of traditional Chinese medicine injections.
Allergens ; administration & dosage ; chemistry ; immunology ; Antigens ; administration & dosage ; chemistry ; immunology ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; chemistry ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; immunology ; Injections ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; methods ; trends ; Serum Albumin ; administration & dosage ; chemistry ; immunology

This study sought to producte alginate sodium microsphere for controlled release bovine serum albumin(BSA) and to investigate the protein release profile of the BSA-alginate sodium microsphere in vitro, which threw some light on the angiogenesis of tissue engineering bone with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) controlled release under stress. The BSA-alginate sodium microsphere was fabricated with W/O emulsification and ion cross-linking method using alginate sodium. The appearance, microsphere diameter and envelopment rate were detected, and the release characteristics of the BSA-alginate sodium microsphere in vitro was investigated. The alginate microsphere was found to be spherical in shape and evenly distributed. Its mean grain diameter was determined to be 230 +/- 60 microm, carrying capacity 80.3 microg/mg and envelopment rate 61%. Smooth controlled release in BSA-alginate sodium microsphere was shown to last more than 2 weeks. Alginate sodium proved an excellent biodegradable material for protein or polypeptide controlled release. The emulsification and ion cross-linking method was noted to be simple; it was propitious to the structural and functional stablility of protein or polypeptide, thus leading to the prolonged efficacious time of the microsphere.
Alginates ; administration & dosage ; chemistry ; Animals ; Cattle ; Delayed-Action Preparations ; chemical synthesis ; Drug Carriers ; Glucuronic Acid ; administration & dosage ; chemistry ; Hexuronic Acids ; administration & dosage ; chemistry ; Microspheres ; Serum Albumin, Bovine ; administration & dosage

AIMTo study the preparation of bovine serum albumin nanoparticles surface-modified with glycyrrhizin(BSA-NP-GL) targeting to hepatocytes.

METHODSThe bovine serum albumin nanoparticles (BSA-NP) were prepared by desolvation process. Glycyrrhizin (GL) was oxidized by sodium periodate to be conjugated to surface reactive amino groups (SRAG) of the BSA-NP. The SRAG were quantified by spectrophotometric method using 2, 4, 6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid(TNBS). Glycyrrhetinic acid(GA) hydrolyzed from GL, which was on the surface of BSA-NP-GL was assayed by HPLC after isolation by sephadex G-50. Both methods were used to verify the conjugation achieved. HPLC was used to determine surface density of GL on BSA-NP-GL.

RESULTSThe amount of SRAG of the BSA-NP-GL decreased by 19.6% compared with normal BSA-NP. The amount of GL molecule was 9.2% of the total determined SRAG of BSA-NP. The mean diameter of the BSA-NP-GL was 73 nm with round shape. The stability of BSA-NP-GL was constant when it was stored at 25 degrees C and 37 degrees C during 10 days.

CONCLUSIONBSA-NP-GL was successfully prepared, which is considered to establish an experimental foundation for further research on its ability for targeting to hepatocytes.

Cross-Linking Reagents ; chemistry ; Drug Delivery Systems ; Glycyrrhizic Acid ; chemistry ; Nanotechnology ; Particle Size ; Serum Albumin, Bovine ; administration & dosage ; chemistry ; ultrastructure ; Surface Properties ; Technology, Pharmaceutical ; methods

BSA liposomes were prepared with approximately 100 nm mean particle size under rather gentle experiment conditions, and two-colorimetric coomassie brilliant blue protein was employed to measure the free drug in the entrapped efficiency (EE%) determination of BSA liposomes. Gel filtration was used to measure the EE%, and several Sephadex gels were examined by the separation of liposomes and free drug. To determine the free drug, three methods were compared on two-colorimetric UV spectrophotography, Bradford and two-colorimetric coomassie brilliant blue, separately. Two-colorimetric coomassie brilliant blue process increased the accuracy and improved the sensitivity of the assay about 20-fold comparing with the Bradford method. Two-colorimetric coomassie brilliant blue assay appeared to be more sensitive and showed broader dynamic range to measure the free BSA in the EE% determination of BSA liposome.
Colorimetry ; Drug Carriers ; Drug Compounding ; Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional ; Liposomes ; Particle Size ; Rosaniline Dyes ; Serum Albumin, Bovine ; administration & dosage ; analysis ; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet

The aim of this study is to prepare cationic biodegradable dextran microspheres loaded with tetanus toxoid (TT) and to investigate the mechanism of protein loading. Positively charged microspheres were prepared by polymerization of hydroxylethyl methacrylate derivatized dextran (dex-HEMA) and dimethyl aminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) in an aqueous two-phase system. The loading of the microspheres with TT was based on electrostatic attraction. The net positive surface charge increased with increasing amounts of DMAEMA. Confocal images showed fluorescein isothiocyanate labeled bovine serum albumin (FITC-BSA) could penetrate into cationic dextran microspheres but not natural dextran microspheres. TT loading efficiency by post-loading was higher compared with by pre-loading. Even though TT is incorporated in the hydrogel network based on electrostatic interaction, still a controlled release can be achieved by varying the initial network density of the microspheres.
Delayed-Action Preparations ; Dextrans ; chemistry ; Drug Carriers ; chemistry ; Hydrogels ; chemistry ; Methacrylates ; chemistry ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Microspheres ; Particle Size ; Polymerization ; Serum Albumin, Bovine ; chemistry ; Tetanus Toxoid ; administration & dosage ; chemistry

AIMTo investigate the formation mechanism, macromolecular drug loading capacity and release property of alginate-chitosan microcapsules (ACM).

METHODSACM was prepared by emulsification-gelation method and its formation mechanism was studied by DSC analysis. Using bovine serum albumin (BSA) as model drug, the drug loading and release properties of the microcapsules on macromolecular drug were investigated.

RESULTSThe results of DSC analysis showed that there is electrostatic interaction between materials encapsulated in the microcapsule. With the increase of BSA microcapsule ratio, the BSA loading percentage rose from 9.20% to 35.08%; and with the ascent of chitosan (CTS) concentration, the BSA loading percentage increased from 30.29% to 38.12%. The BSA microcapsules whowed a two-phase release in both 0.1 mol.L-1 HCl and phosphate buffer saline (pH 7.4). With the increase of CTS concentration, the BSA release more and more slowly in 0.1 mol.L-1 HCl.

CONCLUSIONSpheric and well-dispersed alginate-chitosan microcapsules were prepared. The microcapsule showed good loading capacity to BSA as well as sustained release to a certain degree.

Alginates ; chemistry ; Biopolymers ; Calorimetry, Differential Scanning ; Capsules ; Chitin ; analogs & derivatives ; chemistry ; Chitosan ; Delayed-Action Preparations ; Drug Carriers ; Drug Delivery Systems ; Serum Albumin, Bovine ; administration & dosage ; Technology, Pharmaceutical ; methods