No abstract available.
Echolalia ; Serotonin Uptake Inhibitors ; Stroke

OBJECTIVE: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), and noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant (NaSSA) are extensively used to treat the patients with depression. Although depressed patients are complaining of somatic pain as a complication of depression, there has not been any straight-forward comparative data of the effect of SSRIs, SNRIs, and NaSSA on pain. Therefore, in this study, we tried to figure out the effect of each drug i.e.SSRIs, SNRIs, and NaSSA, on pain by administrating each drug to three different groups of patient with depression. METHODS: We conducted a chart review of patients, who visited a university hospital. From January, 2010 to February, 2012, total 150 inpatients who had been diagnosed as major depression by Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-4th edition criteria, and administered any of three drugs [SSRIs (n=50), SNRIs (n=50), and NaSSA (n=50)] at least for fore weeks in the department of psychiatry in Chung-Ang University Hospital, were enrolled for this study. We compared and analyzed depressive symptoms and pain between three groups. Depressive symptoms and pain were evaluated by Korean version of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and visual analogue scale at baseline and fore weeks later. RESULTS: There was no difference in the age, gender, severity of depression and pain among three groups. However, there was difference in 50% depressive symptomatic improvement rate in the following four weeks among three groups. The number of patient found to achieve 50% symptomatic improvement in SSRIs, SNRIs, and NaSSA group was 17 (34%), 20 (40%), and 34 (54%) in each group, respectively, indicating significantly higher improvement rate in NaSSA compared to SSRIs. During four weeks of administration period, significant difference in 50% pain improvement rate was observed among three groups. The number of patient found to achieve 50% pain improvement in SSRIs, SNRIs, and NaSSA group was 14 (28%), 20 (40%), and 27 (54%) in each group, respectively, showing twice higher pain improvement rate in NaSSA compared to SSRIs. CONCLUSION: This result indicates better efficacy of NaSSA on pain improvement compared to SSRIs, and SNRIs in depressed patients. Although the effect of pain improvement has been mainly focused on SNRIs, result from this study suggests the need for further research and validation on the effect of NaSSA for pain control.
Depression ; Humans ; Inpatients ; Nociceptive Pain ; Norepinephrine ; Serotonin ; Serotonin Uptake Inhibitors

No abstract available.
Animals ; Clomipramine* ; Preoptic Area* ; Rats* ; Serotonin Uptake Inhibitors* ; Serotonin*

Serotonin is one of the most important neurotransmitters involved in the pathophysiology of depressive illness. The assessment of alteration of cerebral serotonin has been still controversial but interesting topic to study. Recently, increasing evidence has accumulated that the N100 amplitude slope reflects cerebral serotonin activity and treatment response of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). We report on two patients who showed abrupt mood changes and side effects after taking SSRI antidepressants. In both patients, aberrantly high N100 amplitude slopes were observed. Our cases suggest that the N100 amplitude slope may be a reliable indicator for predicting manic conversion and side effects in the SSRI treatment of depressive patients. Controlled studies are necessary to confirm whether a high N100 amplitude slope is a useful indicator of SSRI supersensitivity.
Antidepressive Agents ; Depression ; Humans ; Neurotransmitter Agents ; Serotonin ; Serotonin Uptake Inhibitors

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has a lifetime prevalence of approximately 2-3%. Until relatively recently, effective treatments for OCD were lacking. Fortunately, over the past decades, the availability of serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) and behavioral treatments using exposure-response prevention techniques has altered the outlook for patients suffering from OCD. But, treating OCD with medication still requires a blend of science and art. SRIs provide clinically significant relief to most patients, but they are not effective in all patients. Because significant number of patient with OCD do not respond to adequate trials of SRIs, other treatment options such as augmentation, switching, combination, or neurosurgical and device-based approaches may be needed. In this paper, the first-line treatment options and several alternative treatment options for OCD were reviewed. Finally, we reviewed several treatment guidelines and algorithm for OCD introduced previously by other researchers. We have a plan to develop Korean treatment algorithm for OCD based on expert's opinions. Also, we hope to use this algorithm for OCD in the clinical setting in near future.
Hope ; Humans ; Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder* ; Prevalence ; Serotonin Uptake Inhibitors

Steroid withdrawal syndrome (SWS) following steroid dependence is becoming a common clinical condition. It may be associated with body image disorder. Though selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are found to be effective SWS associated depression, data for this clinical condition is limited. We present a case of SWS associated with body image disorder which improved with mirtazapine. Mirtazapine might be better option than SSRIs in this subgroup of patients for its noradrenergic property and better gastrointestinal profile. More research should explore its efficacy in this clinical condition.
Body Dysmorphic Disorders ; Depression* ; Humans ; Serotonin Uptake Inhibitors

Bruxism has been defined as an oral parafunctional activity characterized by clenching, bracing, gnashing and grinding of teeth while asleep and or awake. While bruxism has been associated with a number of neurological diseases, it has been mostly highlighted following drug medication. We report 2 female patients of awake bruxism after citalopram medication. The bruxism in these patients was completely or significantly improved after cessation of citalopram. We discuss the pathophyisological mechanism of bruxsm associated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). These cases highlight that bruxism can occur in response to citalopram, as do in other SSRIs.
Braces ; Bruxism* ; Citalopram* ; Female ; Humans ; Serotonin Uptake Inhibitors ; Tooth

OBJECTIVETo modify the synthetic method of fluvoxamine.

METHODSFluvoxamine was synthesized from 4-trifluoromethylbenzonitrile by the steps of Grignard reaction, hydrolysis and oximation.

RESULTThe chemical structure of the synthesized product was confirmed by (1)HNMR, and the total yield reached to 36.16%.

CONCLUSIONThe results indicate that the synthetic route is practical.

Tramadol can increase the serum level of serotonin, causing serotonin syndrome, which is a potentially life-threatening condition. Serotonin syndrome occurs when tramadol is used in combination with other drugs that affect serotonin. A patient who had been taking selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor and stopped at 10 days before surgery experienced intermittent heart rate elevation, tremor of the upper extremities and mental change after receiving an infusion of tramadol for postoperative pain control. Although he did not show the typical triad of serotonin syndrome (systemic autonomic dysfunction, neuromuscular impairment and mental status change), the patient was suspected to have serotonin syndrome caused by tramadol.
Heart Rate ; Humans ; Pain, Postoperative ; Serotonin Syndrome* ; Serotonin Uptake Inhibitors ; Serotonin* ; Tramadol ; Tremor ; Upper Extremity

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are currently the treatment of choice in depression and constitute major portion of prescription in depressive patients. The role of serotonin receptors in bone is emerging, raising certain questions regarding the effect of blockade of serotonin reuptake in the bone metabolism. Clinical studies have reported an association of SSRI antidepressants which with increase in fracture and decrease in bone mineral density. This review focus on recent evidence that evaluate the association of SSRIs with the risk of fracture and bone mineral density and also the probable mechanisms that might be involved in such effects.
Antidepressive Agents ; Bone Density ; Depression ; Humans ; Metabolism ; Prescriptions ; Receptors, Serotonin ; Serotonin Uptake Inhibitors* ; Serotonin*