Digital therapy using extended reality (XR) holds great promise for addressing the mental health needs of adolescents and young adults.This study addresses a notable research gap in South Korea by systematically reviewing XR-based digital therapy for the mental health of South Korean adolescents and young adults. We analyzed 26 studies encompassing various aspects, including study type, publication date, research field, research methodology, data sources, program types, program content, sample characteristics, target population, assessment tools, and program effectiveness. Notably, 46.15% of the studies employed an experimental design, whereas over 53% utilized non-experimental approaches. Experimental studies lacked a genuine design, standardized questionnaires, and control variables. Similarly, non-experimental studies failed to report specific literature selection criteria. Consequently, future studies should adopt rigorous methodologies to enhance reliability and validity. Moreover, over 85% of the 26 studies focused solely on virtual reality and did not incorporate augmented or mixed reality. This study identifies the limitations of the previous research. These findings emphasize the need for structured investigations to advance the development of XR-based digital therapy to promote mental health in adolescents and young adults in South Korea.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to evaluate the association between metabolic syndrome and depression severity based on the Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9) score in men aged >50 years.METHODS: In this study, we used data of 1,230 individuals from the Sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES VII-1) 2016 conducted by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. We diagnosed metabolic syndrome in accordance with National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines using waist circumference, blood pressure, fasting serum triglyceride level, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, and fasting glucose level in men aged >50 years (mean±standard deviation: 64.6±8.8 years), and their PHQ-9 scores were classified as mild and severe (cutoff, 10).RESULTS: The mean waist circumference, fasting glucose level, triglyceride level, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level were 87.1±8.2 cm, 109.8±28.3 mg/dL, 155.9±123.9 mg/dL, and 46.5±12.2 mg/dL, respectively. The mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures were 124.7±15.9 mmHg and 76.2±10.7 mmHg, respectively. The mean body mass index, was 24.2±2.9 kg/m². The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 43.7%. The mean PHQ-9 score was 2.0±3.3. The prevalence of severe depression with a score of >10 was 4.2%. Metabolic syndrome and depression were related (P<0.05). The adjusted odds ratio for metabolic syndrome was 0.5 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.3–0.9). However, age (95% CI, 0.9–1.0), sleep duration during weekdays (95% CI, 0.9–1.0), and sleep duration during weekends (95% CI, 0.9–1.0) were not related.CONCLUSION: Metabolic syndrome was associated with depression in men aged >50 years in this study.
Blood Pressure ; Body Mass Index ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.) ; Cholesterol ; Depression ; Education ; Fasting ; Glucose ; Humans ; Korea ; Lipoproteins ; Male ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; Nutrition Surveys ; Odds Ratio ; Prevalence ; Triglycerides ; Waist Circumference

Delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction (DHTR) due to multiple red blood cell (RBC) alloantibodies has rarely been reported in Korea. We report a case of DHTR in a patient with anti-c, anti-E, and anti-Jk(b). A 45-year-old man visited the emergency room with flame burn injury over 61% of his entire body. He received six units of packed RBCs and three units of fresh frozen plasma during the operation for excision and glycerol-preserved allografting. His hemoglobin (Hb) level gradually decreased from 13.5 g/dL on the operation day to 7.8 g/dL on the 11th postoperative day in spite of receiving three and two additional units of packed RBCs on the 8th and 9th postoperative days, respectively. His laboratory data was total bilirubin/direct bilirubin 15.9/11.4 mg/dL, lactate dehydrogenase 983 IU/L, haptoglobin 5.93 mg/dL and plasma hemoglobin 8.0 mg/dL. The urinalysis revealed hemoglobinuria, and the peripheral blood film showed moderate spherocytosis. Both the direct and indirect antiglobulin tests were positive, and the follow-up antibody identification test showed anti-c, anti-E, and Jk(b). His Hb levels increased after he was transfused with two units of packed RBCs without c, E, and Jk(b) antigens. This is a case of DHTR due to alloimmunization, which developed within a short interval after the patient had received multiple transfusions.
Bilirubin ; Blood Group Incompatibility ; Burns ; Coombs Test ; Emergencies ; Erythrocytes ; Follow-Up Studies ; Haptoglobins ; Hemoglobins ; Hemoglobinuria ; Humans ; Isoantibodies ; Korea ; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase ; Middle Aged ; Plasma ; Transplantation, Homologous ; Urinalysis

OBJECTIVE: This study is a retrospective cost-benefit analysis of cervical anterior interbody fusion and cervical artificial disc replacement, which are the main surgical methods to treat degenerative cervical disc disease.METHODS: We analyzed 156 patients who underwent anterior cervical disc fusion and cervical artificial disc replacement from January 1, 2008 to December 31, 2009, diagnosed with degenerative cervical disc disorder. In this study, the costs and benefits were analyzed by using quality adjusted life year (QALY) as the outcome index for patients undergoing surgery, and a Markov model was used for the analysis. Only direct medical costs were included in the analysis; indirect medical costs were excluded. Data were analyzed with TreeAge Pro 2015™ (TreeAge Software, Inc, Williamstown, MA, USA).RESULTS: Patients who underwent cervical anterior fusion had a total cost of KRW 2501807/USD 2357 over 5 years and obtained a utility of 3.72 QALY. Patients who underwent cervical artificial disc replacement received 4.18 QALY for a total of KRW 3685949/USD 3473 over 5 years. The cumulative cost-effectiveness ratio of cervical spine replacement surgery was KRW 2549511/QALY (USD 2402/QALY), which was lower than the general Korean payment standard.CONCLUSION: Both cervical anterior fusion and cervical artificial disc replacement are cost-effective treatments for patients with degenerative cervical disc disease. Cervical artificial disc replacement may be an effective alternative to obtain more benefits.
Cervical Vertebrae ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Female ; Humans ; Quality-Adjusted Life Years ; Retrospective Studies ; Spinal Fusion ; Spine ; Total Disc Replacement

Humans ; Immunoassay ; Indicators and Reagents ; Mass Spectrometry ; Methods ; Pathology, Molecular ; Spectrum Analysis

The use of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in clinical laboratories is increasing and is likely to expand into even more clinical venues in the future. Mass spectrometry is the standard method for analyte identification in the clinical chemistry field; however, differences in mass spectrometry protocols and handling affect the accuracy and reliability of these tests and prevent direct comparisons of results between laboratories. For example, the results of laboratories using LC-MS/MS methods are less likely to be reproducible than those of laboratories using conventional, automated methods. This is due to inadequate handling of the equipment and/or poor quality control after the implementation of the method, which may result in unnecessary medical expenditures or even adverse outcomes for the patients. Unfortunately, guidelines to monitor the accuracy of LC-MS/MS-based clinical tests are still lacking. In general, the quality control methods used in conventional clinical tests could also be applied to LC-MS/MS. However, additional quality control methods specific to LC-MS/MS techniques must be continuously employed to maintain the same quality level achieved during method development and verification. This report is intended to help clinical laboratories that operate LC-MS/MS improve the accuracy and reliability of their testing by providing guidance for quality assurance and improvement, based on a collection of existing guidelines and expert opinions from the literature.

The demand for obtaining test results using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for accurate diagnosis in the field of laboratory medicine is expected to increase, but it is still not easy to introduce diagnostic methods using LC-MS/MS into clinical laboratories for many reasons. There are many different methods used to evaluate the performance of LC-MS/MS in clinical laboratories, which have not been standardized to date. Thus, various data have been analyzed and described based on the type of validation method used and the criteria needed to introduce a new test using LC-MS/MS in a clinical laboratory. Relevant data from home and abroad were reviewed to include the minimum number of validation items required and methods of implementation. In general, the items required for a full validation of the quantitative test and various guidelines were used to summarize the following validation items: accuracy, precision, calibration, specificity, ion suppression or improvement, limit of detection, limit of quantification, stability, reference interval, carryover, and dilution integrity. Among these, the first five items mentioned beforehand are essential parameters for LC-MS/MS validation and are presented in numerous guidelines. The other parameters are required for further verification depending on the characteristics of the analysis and the analytes. This recommendation is intended to outline and present the validation methods that should be carried out when introducing new tests in clinical laboratories using LC-MS/MS with reference to the existing guidelines and literature containing expert opinions.

Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) has received considerable attention in recent years as the cause of infections in individuals in the community who do not have traditional risk factors for MRSA infection, such as hospitalization or contact with healthcare services. CA-MRSA strains have different molecular and antimicrobial susceptibilities, as compared to hospital-associated MRSA. Although CA-MRSA strains are primarily associated with skin and soft tissue infections, they can cause more invasive infections, such as severe community-acquired pneumonia. Reports on CA-MRSA pneumonia in Korea are sparse. Therefore, we report a case of CA-MRSA pneumonia with molecular typing of the MRSA isolate.
Community-Acquired Infections ; Delivery of Health Care ; Hospitalization ; Korea ; Methicillin Resistance ; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus ; Molecular Typing ; Pneumonia ; Risk Factors ; Skin ; Soft Tissue Infections

BACKGROUND: Bronchial anthracofibrosis (BAF), which is associated with exposure to biomass smoke in inefficiently ventilated indoor areas, can take the form of obstructive lung disease. Patients with BAF can mimic or present with an exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The purpose of the current study was to investigate the prevalence of BAF in Korean patients with COPD exacerbation as well as to examine the clinical features of these patients in order to determine its clinical relevance. METHODS: A total of 206 patients with COPD exacerbation were divided into BAF and non-BAF groups, according to computed tomography findings. We compared both clinical and radiologic variables between the two groups. RESULTS: Patients with BAF (51 [25%]) were older, with a preponderance of nonsmoking women; moreover, they showed a more frequent association with exposure to wood smoke compared to those without BAF. However, no differences in the severity of illness and clinical course between the two groups were observed. Patients in the BAF group had less severe airflow obstruction, but more common and severe pulmonary hypertension signs than those in the non-BAF group. CONCLUSION: Compared with non-BAF COPD, BAF may be associated with milder airflow limitation and more frequent signs of pulmonary hypertension with a more severe grade in patients presenting with COPD exacerbation.
Anthracosis ; Biomass ; Female ; Humans ; Hypertension, Pulmonary ; Lung Diseases, Obstructive ; Prevalence ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive* ; Smoke ; Tomography, Spiral Computed ; Wood

Multicentric Castleman's disease (CD) is a rare atypical lymphoproliferative disorder, which is characterized by various systemic manifestations. Some patients with multicentric CD may have concomitant lung parenchymal lesions, for which lymphoid interstitial pneumonia (LIP) is known to be the most common pathologic finding. Follicular bronchiolitis and LIP are considered to be on the same spectrum of the disease. We describe a case of multicentric CD with pulmonary involvement, which was pathologically proven as follicular bronchiolitis.
Bronchiolitis ; Giant Lymph Node Hyperplasia ; Humans ; Lip ; Lung ; Lung Diseases, Interstitial ; Lymphoproliferative Disorders