Sepsis-associated encephalopathy(SAE) caused by infections outside the central nervous system always presents extensive brain damage.It is common in clinical practice and associated with a poor prognosis.There are problems in the assessing and diagnosing of SAE.Many factors,such as sedation and mechanical ventilation,make it difficult to assess SAE,while electrophysiological examination may play a role in the assessment.We reviewed the studies of electrophysiological techniques such as electroencephalography and somatosensory evoked potentials for monitoring SAE,hoping to provide certain evidence for the clinical evaluation and diagnosis of SAE.
Humans ; Sepsis-Associated Encephalopathy/complications* ; Sepsis/diagnosis* ; Electroencephalography

Sepsis induced by invasive infection is a challenging problem and the major cause of death after severe burn. With the increasing understanding of sepsis, diagnostic criteria of sepsis were proposed and revised consecutively so that they could be consistent with the clinical practice. Being different from other trauma and critical diseases, diagnostic criteria of sepsis after severe burn were also proposed, and they need further clinical verification. It is believed that comprehensive measures for the treatment of severe sepsis after burn should be advocated. These measures include rapid and effective resuscitation of burn shock, early escharotomy and closure of burn wound, metabolic support, immunoregulation and anti-inflammation, reinforcement of organ support, etc. Although a number of advances have been achieved in the past decades, the mechanism of sepsis need further elucidation, diagnostic criteria of sepsis need further revision, and novel therapeutic measures for burn sepsis should be developed.
Burns ; complications ; Humans ; Sepsis ; diagnosis ; etiology ; therapy

Pediatric burn patients account for more than 1/3 of the inpatients in the same period, and its incidence surpasses that of burn patients in other age groups. However, it brings about much difficulty to treat pediatric burn patients complicated by sepsis, which brings a significantly higher mortality than that of the adult. Moreover, the physiological characteristics, development of organs, drug metabolism, and body response to burn injury in children are obviously different from those of the adult. Therefore, it is clinically important to understand the clinical characteristics of sepsis in pediatric burn patients in order to improve the diagnosis and treatment of this ailment.
Burns ; complications ; Child ; Humans ; Sepsis ; diagnosis ; etiology

OBJECTIVETo report a case of critical illness polyneuropathy (CIP) with Parkinson disease and discuss the development, clinical features and early diagnosis of this condition.

METHODSThe clinical data of a patient with CIP and Parkinson's disease and the relevant literature were reviewed.

RESULTSThis case showed no typical disease course of sepsis, and the condition exacerbated rapidly. The patient presented initially with abnormal homeostasis, followed by rapid onset of respiratory muscle weakness to require mechanical ventilation, but no limb weaknesses were detected. Intravenous antibiotics and aggressive treatment of sepsis did not produce any positive responses to wean from mechanical ventilation. Examinations of creatine kinase and cerebrospinal fluid showed no abnormalities. Electromyography and nerve conduction studies demonstrated declined nerve conduction velocity and decreased sensory and motor muscle action potentials, suggesting the possibility of CIP.

CONCLUSIONIn patients with Parkinson disease, the occurrence of sepsis with prolonged mechanical ventilation and limb weakness indicates the necessity of neurophysiological examination, muscle biopsies and laboratory tests, which may help detect CIP in the early phase. Proper interventions of sepsis may reduce the likeliness of CIP. Elimination of the risk factors and aggressive management of sepsis can be effective measures for preventing CIP.

Aged ; Humans ; Male ; Parkinson Disease ; complications ; Polyneuropathies ; complications ; diagnosis ; Respiration, Artificial ; Respiratory Insufficiency ; complications ; Sepsis ; complications

Female ; Humans ; Male ; Sepsis ; complications ; Wernicke Encephalopathy ; diagnosis

Since the definition of sepsis was proposed in Chest by American College of Chest Physicians and Society of Critical Care Medicine in 1992, researches on burn sepsis have focused on the regulation of immune-inflammation response resulting in minimizing tissue injury resulted from excessive inflammatory response. Treatment of sepsis should focus on effect of early circulation oxygenation support in preventing and treating multiple organ dysfunction. The hypothesis of producing a hibernation-like state which might prevent multiple organ dysfunction in patients with sepsis provides us a new therapeutic strategy in protecting organs in the early stage of sepsis in future.
Burns ; complications ; therapy ; Humans ; Sepsis ; diagnosis ; etiology ; therapy

OBJECTIVEWernicke's encephalopathy (WE) is an acute neuropsychiatric syndrome resulting from thiamine deficiency, which is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The disorder is still greatly underdiagnosed in children because of either a relatively non-specific clinical presentation in some cases or unrecognized clinical setting. The aim of this literature review was to provide knowledge of pediatric WE in an effort to assist in early diagnosis, thereby reducing the morbidity and mortality.

METHODSThe clinical manifestations, characteristic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), diagnosis and treatment of one case and the other 35 cases reported in the last decade in children were summarized.

RESULTSThirty-six cases (22 boys and 14 girls, 2-month to 16-year-old) were analyzed. All the other 35 cases except for our case had underlying diseases: improper feeding in 25/35 cases, long-time vomiting in 5/35 cases, immunosuppressive therapy in 4/35 cases, long-time total parenteral nutrition without multivitamin preparations supplementation in 3/35 cases and anorexia nervosa in 1/35 case. The classic triad (mental-status changes, nystagmus and ophthalmoplegia, and ataxia) was seen in 6/36 cases. The other clinical manifestations included consciousness disturbance in 24/36 cases, infection in 22/36 cases, pathological reflex and muscular tension changes in 18/36 cases, convulsion in 17/36 cases, developmental delay in 4/36 cases and failure to thrive in 2/36 cases. Cerebrospinal fluid examination was performed in 31/36 cases, and a slightly raised protein concentration was seen in 7/31 cases. The cerebrospinal fluid lactate levels were detected in 4/36 cases (all increased), serum lactic acid levels in 7/36 cases (6/7 cases increased), serum pyruvate in 4/36 cases (all increased), thiamine pyrophosphate effect (TPPE) in 9/36 cases (all increased), and serum thiamine in 2/36 cases (increased in 1/2 cases). The brain computed tomography (CT) scan was conducted in 20/36 cases and 16/20 cases showed abnormal hypodensity in bilateral basal ganglia, one case revealed diffuse cortical atrophy. The brain MR scan was conducted in 13/36 cases and all the 13 cases revealed symmetrical abnormal signal in bilateral mamillary body and basal ganglia, and 7/13 cases showed abnormal signals in the tegmentum of midbrain, cerebral aqueduct and white matter around the third and fourth ventricles. The diagnosis of WE was confirmed by MR in 12 cases, triad combined with MR in 3 cases, autopsy in 1 case among the 13 cases who underwent MR scan. The diagnosis of WE was confirmed by the TPPE and/or lactate levels in 9/11 cases. The initial thiamine was given by intravenous or intramuscular infusion in 33/36 cases, unknown method in 1 case, orally in 1 case and no thiamine was used in 1 case. The dosage of thiamine was 100 mg daily in 29/35 cases, unknown in 3/35 cases, 50 mg daily in 2/35 cases, 600 mg daily in 1/35 case. 34/35 patients' clinical symptoms improved during 24 hours to 1 week after initial treatment, and 1 case died due to no response to thiamine. Nineteen patients were followed up for 2-2.5 months and 17 cases recovered completely.

CONCLUSIONWernicke's encephalopathy can be difficult to diagnose because of a relatively non-specific clinical presentation. The characteristic MRI findings and the dramatic response of neurological signs to parenteral thiamine will assist early clinical diagnosis. Early and timely thiamine supplementation could reverse the clinical features and improve the prognosis in most cases.

Adolescent ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Sepsis ; complications ; Wernicke Encephalopathy ; complications ; diagnosis

Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Sepsis ; diagnosis ; microbiology ; Urethral Stricture ; complications ; microbiology ; Urinary Tract Infections ; complications ; microbiology

Burns ; complications ; diagnosis ; prevention & control ; Humans ; Sepsis ; diagnosis ; etiology ; prevention & control

Malignant hematologic disease with sepsis has been characterized by high mortality and difficulty in diagnosis at early stage. A good biomarker may help to improve the accuracy of diagnosis and to reduce the mortality rate. In the early diagnosis of sepsis, neutrophil CD64 expression is a better candidate for biomarker rather than C-reactive proteins. Moreover, neutrophil CD64 expression is also helpful for assessing the severity of infection and prognosis of disease. Unfortunately, there are few studies of neutrophil CD64 expression on the early diagnosis of malignant hematologic diseases. This review focuses on the advantages, limitations, feasibilities and progresses of neutrophil CD64 expression in the early diagnosis of infection in malignant hematologic diseases in this paper.
Biomarkers ; metabolism ; Early Diagnosis ; Hematologic Diseases ; complications ; Humans ; Neutrophils ; metabolism ; Prognosis ; Receptors, IgG ; metabolism ; Sepsis ; complications ; diagnosis