OBJECTIVE: The prescription rates of long-acting injectable (LAI) antipsychotics are very low around 1% in Korea. This study was aimed to explore the preference of LAIs in patients with schizophrenia, who are currently living in community, and their caregivers. METHODS: The patients, diagnosed with schizophrenia by DSM-IV TR and were registered in the 31 mental health centers of Gyeonggi province and their caregivers were inquired the knowledge of the LAIs. The questionnaires contained information such as demographic characteristics, history of psychiatric treatment, and so on. RESULTS: About 5,318 were registered in 31 community mental health centers of Gyeonggi province in February 2012. The questionnaires of 614 patients and 365 caregivers were gathered from 20 community mental health centers. The mean ages (+/-SD) of patients and caregivers were 41.9 (+/-10.2) and 62.2 (+/-13.4) years old, respectively. 272 patients (44.6%) had experienced the discontinuation of medications without doctor's consent. 217 patients (35.9%) and 97 caregivers (27.1%) knew about the LAIs. The preference rates for LAIs were 35.2% and 46.8% for the patients and caregivers, respectively. CONCLUSION: There is still huge discrepancy between the preference and the real prescriptions of LAIs in community-dwelling patients and their caregivers, much higher than in those of hospital settings. This study suggests that both patients and caregivers registered in the community mental health centers have a strong commitment to live in the community. The obstacles against the benefits of LAIs need to be resolved.
Antipsychotic Agents ; Caregivers ; Community Mental Health Centers ; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ; Humans ; Korea ; Mental Health ; Prescriptions ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Schizophrenia

The exercise ECG gives a valuable indirect evidence of insufficient myocardial perfusion during stress, but it has been impossible with ECG data alone to localize the site or sites of partial or complete arterial occlusion. The coronary angiography has proved to be valvuable as a technique for identifying anatomical lesions. However, arteriography alone dose not provide evaluation of the underlying myocardium. The two tests are complementary, one supplying indirect physiologic data and the other providing anatomical licalization of obstruction. The author reviewd 58 patients out of 86 patients who performed treadmill test and coronary angiography at the cardiac laboratory of Yonsei University Severance Hospital from January, 1981 through December, 1983. The following results were obtained. 1) Among the 58 patients in this study, 33 had negative exercise test and 25 had positive test. 2) Among the 14 patients who ended exercise test due to chest pain,2patients had negative exercise test. Coronary angiography on all the 14 patients showed significalt coronary artery stenosis. 3) With this multigraded treadmill test, the sensitivity was 68.8% and spedccificity was 88.7%. 4) The appreance of ischemic change during the early stage of exercise, the deeper ST segment depression and the downsloping ST segment have the higest specificity as indicators of coronary artery disease. 5) Four patients showed ST segment elevation in the exercise ECG, and their coronary angiogram showed 1-vessel disease in 1 patientts, 2-vessel dosease in 2 and 3-vessel disease in 3. All of them had multiple stenosis or complete obstruction of the left anterior descending artery on coronary angiogram and ventricualar dyskinesia on the left ventriculogram.
Angiography ; Arteries ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Coronary Angiography ; Coronary Artery Disease* ; Coronary Stenosis ; Coronary Vessels* ; Depression ; Dyskinesias ; Electrocardiography ; Exercise Test* ; Humans ; Myocardium ; Perfusion ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Thorax

Tuberculosis and lymphoma, these 2 diseases can present with lyphadenopathy in anywhere of the body. Therefor differentiation of tuberculosis from lymphoma is often difficult. CT scans of 17 patients with tuberculosis and 23 patients with lymphoma were retrospectively reviewed to evaluate the efficacy of CT scans in differentating adenopathy between tuberculosis and lymphoma, All the patients underwent abdominal CT scans with contrast enhancement before treatment. The size, internal architecture, distribution of lymph nodes, and associated findings on CT scans were analyzed. As compared with lymphoma, tuberculous lymphadenopathy showed 1) female preponderance (65%), 2) predilection for portocaval lymph nodes (47%), 3) internal low attenuation in lymph nodes (82%), 4) cold abscess formation (24%). Characteristics of lymphoma on CT scans included 1) male prepondrance (78%), 2) conglomeration of lymph nodes (39%), 3) homogenous internal lymph node structure (83%). These results suggest that evaluation of the characteristics of lymphadenopathy on CT scans is helpful for differentiating between tuberculosis and lymphoma.
Abscess ; Female ; Humans ; Lymph Nodes ; Lymphatic Diseases* ; Lymphoma ; Male ; Retrospective Studies ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Tuberculosis*

Tuberculosis and lymphoma, these 2 diseases can present with lyphadenopathy in anywhere of the body. Therefor differentiation of tuberculosis from lymphoma is often difficult. CT scans of 17 patients with tuberculosis and 23 patients with lymphoma were retrospectively reviewed to evaluate the efficacy of CT scans in differentating adenopathy between tuberculosis and lymphoma, All the patients underwent abdominal CT scans with contrast enhancement before treatment. The size, internal architecture, distribution of lymph nodes, and associated findings on CT scans were analyzed. As compared with lymphoma, tuberculous lymphadenopathy showed 1) female preponderance (65%), 2) predilection for portocaval lymph nodes (47%), 3) internal low attenuation in lymph nodes (82%), 4) cold abscess formation (24%). Characteristics of lymphoma on CT scans included 1) male prepondrance (78%), 2) conglomeration of lymph nodes (39%), 3) homogenous internal lymph node structure (83%). These results suggest that evaluation of the characteristics of lymphadenopathy on CT scans is helpful for differentiating between tuberculosis and lymphoma.
Abscess ; Female ; Humans ; Lymph Nodes ; Lymphatic Diseases* ; Lymphoma ; Male ; Retrospective Studies ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Tuberculosis*

BACKGROUND: Colistin (polymyxin E) is active against multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (MDR-GNB). However, the effectiveness of inhaled colistin is unclear. This study was designed to assess the effectiveness and safety of aerosolized colistin for the treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) caused by MDR-GNB. METHODS: In this retrospective longitudinal study, we evaluated the medical records of 63 patients who received aerosolized colistin treatment for VAP caused by MDR-GNB in the medical intensive care unit (MICU) from February 2012 to March 2014. RESULTS: A total of 25 patients with VAP caused by MDR-GNB were included in this study. The negative conversion rate was 84.6% after treatment, and acute kidney injury (AKI) occurred in 11 patients (44%, AKI group). The average length of MICU stay and colistin treatment- related factors, such as daily and total cumulative doses and administration period, were not significantly different between groups. In-hospital mortality tended to be higher in the AKI group (p = 0.07). Multivariate analysis showed that a body mass index less than 18 was an independent risk factor of mortality (odds ratio [OR] = 21.95, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.59-302.23; p = 0.02). Notably, AKI occurrence was closely related to the administration of more than two nephrotoxic drugs combined with aerosolized colistin (OR = 15.03, 95% CI 1.40-161.76; p = 0.025) and septic shock (OR = 8.10, 95% CI 1.40-161.76; p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: The use of adjunctive aerosolized colistin treatment appears to be a relatively safe and effective option for the treatment of VAP caused by MDR-GNB. However, more research on the concomitant use of nephrotoxic drugs with aerosolized colistin will be necessary, as this can be an important risk factor of development of AKI.
Acute Kidney Injury ; Body Mass Index ; Colistin* ; Drug Resistance, Microbial ; Gram-Negative Bacteria ; Hospital Mortality ; Humans ; Intensive Care Units ; Longitudinal Studies ; Medical Records ; Mortality ; Multivariate Analysis ; Pneumonia* ; Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Shock, Septic ; Treatment Outcome*

No abstract available.
Child* ; Humans ; Natural History* ; Ureter* ; Ureterocele*

BACKGROUND: Various olfactory tests have already been proposed in order to clinically assess the olfactory function, for example, UPSIT, T & T olfactometer, CCCRC test, GITU, IV olfaction test. At recent, electro-olfactogram(EOG), olfactorhinometry, olfactory evoked potential, contingent negative variation was tried as the objective olfactory test. OBJECTIVES: We use the functional imaging of MRI which affords the potential for exploring regional pathophysiologic change in living brain as an olfactory function test. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Functional MRI scans of the brain were performed on 5 healthy subjects and 3 patients with olfactory dysfunction. 2 of the patients were diagnosed Parkinson's disease and the other one had basal skull fracture. Then, all subjects were performed CCCRC test. RESULT: 6 of 8 subjects showed significant region of activation in olfactory bulb and tract. Additional region of activation were also observed in amygdala and parahippocampus. Average activation ratio was 3.42+/-2.37%. CONCLUSION: These studies indicate that functional MRI have many limitations but it may be used to evaluate olfactory dysfunction and predict prognosis.
Amygdala ; Brain ; Contingent Negative Variation ; Echo-Planar Imaging* ; Evoked Potentials ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Olfactory Bulb ; Parkinson Disease ; Prognosis ; Skull Fractures ; Smell

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the effects of thoracic epidural anesthesia, with or without bilateral vagotomy, epinephrine-induced arrhythmias were studied in 31 rabbits anesthetized with 1 MAC enflurane. METHODS: Logdose protocol was used for the infusion of epinephrine; its arrhythmic dose being defined as the smallest infusion rate produced four or more continuous or intermittent arrhythmias within 15 seconds. RESULTS: The values (geometric mean) of arrhythmic doses and the plasma concentration of epinephrine during arrhythmia were as follows: 10.21 g.kg 1.min 1 and 83.16 ng/ml in epidural control group; 118.90 g.kg 1.min 1 and 677.76 ng/ml in epidural lidocaine group (p<0.05); 6.34 g.kg-1.min 1 and 96.42 ng/ml in intravenous lidocaine group; 8.65 g.kg 1.min-1 and 44.64 ng/ml in vagotomized-epidural control group; and 12.03 g.kg 1.min 1 and 95.35 ng/ml in vagotomized- epidural lidocaine group. CONCLUSIONS: The data suggest that thoracic epidural anesthesia raises the threshold for enflurane- epinephrine arrhythmias in rabbits and that this effect is eliminated by bilateral vagotomy.
Anesthesia, Epidural* ; Arrhythmias, Cardiac* ; Enflurane ; Epinephrine ; Lidocaine ; Plasma ; Rabbits* ; Vagotomy*

No abstract available.
Adsorption* ; Dental Pellicle ; Saliva ; Salivary Proteins and Peptides* ; Titanium*

BACKGROUND: This study was designed to examine how glutathione, one of the nucleophilic sulfur compounds, effects the cisplatin cellular toxicity in the non-small cell lung cancer cell lines and normal lung epithel ial cell line. METHODS: Three cultured cell lines, the lung adenocarcinoma cell(NCL-H23), the lung squamous carcinoma cell (SK-MES-1) and the normal lung epithelial cell(L-132) line were exposed to various concentrations of cisplation with or without glutathione. The relative viability was estimated as a means of measuring the cisplatin cellular toxicity using the MTT method. RESULTS: In NCL-23, the response to cisplatin was sensitive but glutathione markedly increased the relative survival of the tumor cells by removing the antitumor effect of cisplatin. In both SK-MES-1 and L-132, the responses to cisplatin were less sensitive, and the chemoprotective effect of glutathione compared to an equal cisplatin dose was signigicantly higher in L-132 than in SK-MES-1(p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The protective effects of glutathione on cisplatin-induced cellular toxicity is more signigicant in normal lung epithelial cells than in squamous carcinoma cells.
Adenocarcinoma ; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung* ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; Cell Line* ; Cells, Cultured ; Cisplatin ; Epithelial Cells ; Glutathione* ; Lung ; Sulfur Compounds