Magnetic Resonance image(MRI) is used as the diagnostic modality for evaluation of suspected intramedullary tumors and differential diagnosis of these tumors at the spinal cord. We experienced intramedullary astrocytoma of cerviced cord with large syrinx and multiple peritumoral cysts consisted of subacute and chronic hemorrhage at the margin and within the syrinx and cysts on MRI.
Astrocytoma* ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Hemorrhage* ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Spinal Cord*

PURPOSE: We tried to evaluate the long term efficacy and positive predictive factors of interferon-alpha treatment in children with chronic hepatitis B. METHODS: The study population included 113 children who received interferon therapy between May 1982 and July 2002 (20 years) for chronic hepatitis B in Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine. Male to female ratio was 2.3:1 and the mean age at diagnosis was 11.1+/-4.1 years old. Response to treatment was defined as normalization of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), disappearance of HBeAg and HBV-DNA Eighty two children responded while 32 did not. Interferon-alpha was given intramuscularly for 6 months at a dosage of 3x106 unit, 3 times weekly. In relapsed cases, lamivudine or interferon retreatment was done. RESULTS: Seroconversion rate was 77.0% in terms of HBeAg, 74.3% in terms of HBV-DNA, and 80.5% in terms of ALT normalization after treatment. Seroconversion rate of both HBeAg and HBV-DNA was 72.6%. Analyzed by life table method, the effect of the treatment had been maintained over 10 years after cessation of therapy. Pre-treatment ALT level was the only significant positive predictive factor of response. Eleven cases (13.4%) relapsed, and 2 out of 3 showed response when treated with lamivudine and 1 out of 3 with interferon retreatment. CONCLUSION: Interferon-alpha showed significant efficacy in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B in our study. Further studies about the effect of interferon therapy on complications of hepatitis such as hepatocarcinoma, cirrhosis are warranted.
Alanine Transaminase ; Child* ; Diagnosis ; Female ; Fibrosis ; Follow-Up Studies* ; Hepatitis ; Hepatitis B e Antigens ; Hepatitis B, Chronic* ; Hepatitis, Chronic* ; Humans ; Interferon-alpha* ; Interferons ; Lamivudine ; Life Tables ; Male ; Pediatrics ; Retreatment

A previously healthy 3-year-old girl was admitted to the Department of Pediatrics in Severance Hospital with sudden symptoms of melena. The vital signs were stable, and splenomegaly was found in a physical examination. The patient had moderate thrombocytopenia. There was no evidence of autoimmune disease. A upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and esophagogram showed a varix on the lower esophagus. Coarse liver parenchymal echoes and increased periportal echogenicity were seen on a Doppler sonogram. The velocity of the portal vein mildly increased. Magnetic-resonance-cholangiopancreatogram (MRCP) demonstrated normal portal structures. A sono-guided liver biopsy was performed, but the pathological findings were unremarkable. Based on these findings, we diagnosed the patient with idiopathic portal hypertension. The patient was discharged and was treated with oral beta blocker. We report a case of idiopathic portal hypertension with a brief review of the literature.
Autoimmune Diseases ; Biopsy ; Child, Preschool* ; Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal ; Esophageal and Gastric Varices ; Esophagus ; Female* ; Humans ; Hypertension, Portal* ; Liver ; Melena ; Pediatrics ; Physical Examination ; Portal Vein ; Splenomegaly ; Thrombocytopenia ; Varicose Veins ; Vital Signs

PURPOSE: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) is a very useful procedure in diagnosing gastrointestinal diseases. However, there can be some difficulty in performing this procedure in children due to the associated discomfort. Recently, sedative agents such as midazolam have been introduced to alleviate this problem quite successfully. In our study, we attempted to confirm the safety and efficacy of midazolam use by monitoring the vital signs of children undergoing endoscopy. METHODS: We analyzed data on 244 children who received EGD in the department of pediatrics at Severance Hospital, Yonsei University between August 2003 and July 2005. We evaluated O2 saturation, heart rate and change of mental status before and during the procedure and analyzed the results using the SPSS 12.0 package (Chi-square test, cross table method, etc.). RESULTS: There was no significant difference in vital signs measured before and during EGD between midazolam treated and non treated children. There was no significant relationship between the amount of midazolam given and O2 saturation or a change of mental status. Regarding the O2 saturation, it was decreased during EGD in both groups with p<0.01 though no difference was noted between the groups; the O2 level was maintained above 95% in all patients. The heart rate was also increased during EGD in both groups with a p<0.01; however, no significant difference was noted between the groups. CONCLUSION: We confirmed the safety of low dose midazolam by evaluating the vital signs of children during endoscopies. However, the doses used were not sufficient for sedation or to obtain an amnestic effect.
Child ; Conscious Sedation* ; Endoscopy ; Endoscopy, Digestive System ; Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal* ; Gastrointestinal Diseases ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Hypnotics and Sedatives* ; Midazolam* ; Pediatrics ; Vital Signs*

PURPOSE: Gall bladder (GB) stones in children are rarely observed, and so reports of them have been quite limited in Korea. Therefore, we tried to assess the epidemiology and clinical features of children with GB stone diagnosed at Severance Hospital. METHODS: A clinical study was performed on 18 patients below 15 years of age diagnosed with GB stone by abdominal ultrasonography or CT scan at Severance hospital from January 1999 to May 2005. RESULTS: Concerning patients' profile, their sex ratio of male to female in total 18 cases was 2:1 with the mean age of 6+/-4.3 years. 15 patients (83.3%) were asymptomatic. Inducing factors were found in 14 children (77.8%) including ceftriaxone therapy in 6 cases (33.3%), infection in 4 cases (22.2%), spherocytosis in 3 cases (16.7%), Down syndrome and abdominal operation in 1 case (5.6%) respectively. Single stone was found in 13 cases (76.5%) and multiple in 4 cases (23.5%). 15 cases (88.2%) had the stones less than 5 mm in size, and 2 cases (11.8%) between 5 and 10 mm. 17 patients received conservative treatment, and one patient had cholecystectomy due to Meckel diverticulum. CONCLUSION: In this report, Pediatric GB stones are predominant in male children, without typical symptoms, having inducing factors, single and small. Recently the diagnosis of them has been increased because of the development of imaging study. But the reports for them were still rare in Korea. Therefore the study for them is more necessary to find it's clinical characteristics.
Ceftriaxone ; Child* ; Cholecystectomy ; Diagnosis ; Down Syndrome ; Epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; Meckel Diverticulum ; Sex Ratio ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Ultrasonography ; Urinary Bladder Calculi* ; Urinary Bladder*

PURPOSE: Kawasaki disease is a systemic vasculitis observed in children under five years of age and the leading cause of pediatric acquired heart disease, but its pathophysiology is still not completely understood. With proteomics, the study of quality and quantity of proteins, having been developed dramatically, we tried to find a way to evaluate the etiology and pathogenesis of Kawasaki disease by analyzing the serum proteome maps. METHODS: We studied 10 patients admitted to the Pediatric Department of Yonsei Severance Hospital from January 2000 to July 2001. Half were diagnosed as typical Kawasaki disease and the rest as upper respiratory infection. Sera collected from the patients were frozen, melted and rehydrated for isoelectric focusing method using polyacrylamide gel and two-dimensional electrophoresis. The gel were stained by the silver method and scanned with GS-800 Calibrated Imaging Densitometer. PDQuest was used to quantify protein and draw proteome maps. RESULTS: 15 protein spots of molecular weight(kDa)/isoelectric point 76.1/3.80, 75.0/4.70, 74.4/4.70, 66.3/5.77, 91.8/5.77, 125.5/5.84, 92.4/5.85, 83.8/6.09, 77.0/6.26, 76.8/6.39, 103.4/6.49, 126.5/6.40, 122.9/6.74, 35.3/6.18, 28.5/6.68 were significantly decreased in children with Kawasaki disease. CONCLUSION: Further evaluations using methods such as electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization mass spectrometry(MALDI-MS) or SWISS-PROT(Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva, Switzerland) would have to be performed to define and to understand the functions of those protein spots decreased in patients with Kawasaki disease.
Child* ; Computational Biology ; Electrophoresis ; Heart Diseases ; Humans ; Isoelectric Focusing ; Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome* ; Proteome* ; Proteomics ; Silver ; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization ; Systemic Vasculitis

Currently, there are a few reports on viral coinfection that causes an acute watery diarrhea in Korean children. So, to evaluate the features of coinfectious viral agents in children with acute watery diarrhea, we enrolled 155 children with acute watery diarrhea from July 2005 to June 2006. Fecal samples were collected and evaluated for various viral infections such as rotavirus, norovirus, adenovirus and astrovirus. The mean (+/-standard deviation) age of the children was 2.71+/-2.37 yr. The detection rate of viral agents was most common in children between the ages of 1 and 3 yr. Rotavirus was detected in 63 children (41.3%), norovirus in 56 (36.2%), adenovirus in 11 (7.1%), and astrovirus in 1 (0.6%). Regarding rotavirus, there were 38 (60.3%) cases with monoinfection and 25 (39.7%) with coinfection. For norovirus, there were 33 (58.9%) cases with monoinfection and 23 (41.1%) with coinfection. Coinfection with rotavirus and norovirus was most common, and occurred in 20/155 cases (12.9%) including coinfection with adenovirus. So, rotavirus and norovirus were the most common coinfectious viral agents in our study population with acute watery diarrhea.
Acute Disease ; Adenovirus Infections, Human/epidemiology ; Astroviridae Infections/epidemiology ; Caliciviridae Infections/epidemiology ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Diarrhea/epidemiology/*virology ; Feces/virology ; Humans ; Infant ; Korea/epidemiology ; Norovirus/isolation & purification ; Rotavirus Infections/epidemiology ; Virus Diseases/complications/*epidemiology/virology

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate the pathologic characteristics of nodular gastritis in children and young adults infected with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 328 patients were enrolled in this study, and the diagnosis of H. pylori infection was done with gastroduodenal endoscopy concomitant with a CLO
Odds Ratio ; Male ; Humans ; *Helicobacter pylori ; Helicobacter Infections/*pathology ; Gastritis/epidemiology/*pathology ; Gastric Mucosa/microbiology/*pathology ; Female ; Endoscopy ; Child, Preschool ; Child ; Biopsy ; Adult ; Adolescent

Polypoid tumors of the gallbladder are diagnosed very rarely in children; there are only 13 cases of childhood gallbladder polyps reported in the medical literature worldwide. Unlike those found in adults that consist mostly of cholesterol, polypoid tumors in children tend to have variable pathologic features. For pediatric patients, cholecystectomy is recommended either when the polyp is larger than 1 cm or when it causes significant symptoms. But close observation with serial abdominal sonography is sufficient in most asymptomatic pediatric patient. Recently, we experienced a 15-year-old boy with gallbladder polyps who presented with recent onset abdominal pain and nausea. A cholecystectomy using peritoneoscope was performed. The pathologic examination of the polyp revealed a tubular adenoma.
Abdominal Pain ; Adenoma ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Child* ; Cholecystectomy ; Cholesterol ; Gallbladder ; Humans ; Laparoscopes ; Male ; Nausea ; Polyps* ; Urinary Bladder*

Acute pancreatitis is associated with a wide variety of infectious agents including mumps, hepatitis B virus, Coxsackie virus, Mycoplasma, Legionella, Aspergillus and Toxoplasma. There are a few reports of acute pancreatitis caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection abroad, but rare in Korea. We treated a case of acute pancreatitis in a 13-year-old girl who presented with nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and severe abdominal pain. The clinical and laboratory findings led to the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis; the cause was confirmed by serological evidence of mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. We report acute pancreatitis caused by mycoplasma pneumoniae infection and review the literature.
Abdominal Pain ; Adolescent ; Aspergillus ; Diagnosis ; Diarrhea ; Female ; Hepatitis B virus ; Humans ; Korea ; Legionella ; Mumps ; Mycoplasma pneumoniae* ; Mycoplasma* ; Nausea ; Pancreatitis* ; Pneumonia, Mycoplasma* ; Toxoplasma ; Vomiting