It is very important to collect information on the nutritional status of the Korean population for the development of health promotion programs including nutrition. The purpose of this study was to assess the nutritional status of various population living in selected areas for model nutritional work. Seven hundred eighty households(30 households per each area)from 26 areas participated in this study from November 1 to November 20, 1996. Dietary intake data for two consecutive days were collected at household level by a weighting method. The mean energy intake of the subjects(1,934 kcal) was higher than that resulted from the '95 Korean National Nutrition Survey(1,839 kcal). The proportion of energy derived from cereals was 60.1%. The proportion of total protein intake from animal sources was 49.4%. These results were similar to those found in the '95 Korean National Nutrition Survey. Most nutrients(except iron, thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin C, and crude fiber) were higher than the result of the '95 Korean National Nutrition Survey. However, the average iron intake was about 68% of the result of '95 Korean National Nutrition Survey. This may be due to the adjustment of iron content in rice(3.7mg/100g-->0.5mg/100g) included in nutrient database for calculating nutrient intakes. The mean energy contribution from carbohydrate, protein, and fat were 64.2%, 16.4% and 19.4%, respectively. Significant differences of nutrient intakes were noted among some areas, which may be due to different food intake patterns according to the needs of the particular area. Therefore, the result of this study indicates that there are significant differences in food and nutrient intakes among the areas, suggesting that nutritional improvement programs may need to be developed differently by areas.
Animals ; Ascorbic Acid ; Edible Grain ; Eating ; Energy Intake ; Family Characteristics ; Health Promotion ; Iron ; Korea* ; Nutrition Surveys ; Nutritional Status* ; Riboflavin

Bacillus (B.) anthracis is the pathogen that causes fatal anthrax. Strain-specific detection of this bacterium using molecular approaches has enhanced our knowledge of microbial population genetics. In the present study, we employed molecular approaches including multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) and canonical single-nucleotide polymorphism (canSNP) analysis to perform molecular typing of B. anthracis strains isolated in Korea. According to the MLVA, 17 B. anthracis isolates were classified into A3a, A3b, and B1 clusters. The canSNP analyses subdivided the B. anthracis isolates into two of the three previously recognized major lineages (A and B). B. anthracis isolates from Korea were found to belong to four canSNP sub-groups (B.Br.001/2, A.Br.005/006, A.Br.001/002, and A.Br.Ames). The A.Br.001/002 and A.Br.Ames sub-lineages are closely related genotypes frequently found in central Asia and most isolates were. On the other hand, B. anthracis CH isolates were analyzed that belonged to the B.Br.001/002 sub-group which found in southern Africa, Europe and California (USA). B.Br.001/002 genotype is new lineage of B. anthracis in Korea that was not found before. This discovery will be helpful for the creation of marker systems and might be the result of human activity through the development of agriculture and increased international trade in Korea.
Africa, Southern ; Agriculture ; Anthrax ; Asia ; Bacillus ; Bacillus anthracis ; California ; Europe ; Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; Hand ; Human Activities ; Molecular Typing ; Tandem Repeat Sequences

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between gestational age, tubal ultrasonographic diameter, and serum beta-hCG levels and different stages of trophoblastic infiltration of the tubal wall in tubal pregnancy. METHODS: The 45 cases of fallopian tube containing tubal pregnancy were reviewed. Gestational age, diameter of the tubal mass, and beta-hCG level on the day of surgery were calculated by transvaginal sonography and immunoassay respectively. The tubal pregnancy was classified according to the depth of trophoblastic infiltration: trophoblast limited to the tubal mucosa (stage I), extension to the tubal muscularis (stage II), or complete tubal wall infiltration up to the serosa discontinued by trophoblastic cells (stage III). RESULTS: 14 patients (31.1%) had stage I tubal infiltration, 10 patients (22.2%) had stage II infiltration, 21 patients (46.7%) had stage III infiltration. There was no relationship between gestational age, tubal diameter and stage, but there was a predictable correlation between beta-hCG and the depth of trophoblastic invasion. The median beta-hCG level was 1,332.1 mIU/mL (range, 215-2,995 mIU/mL) for patients with stage I infiltration, 9,548.0 mIU/mL (range, 569-43,989 mIU/mL) for stage II infiltration, and 23,087.9 mIU/mL (range, 1,373-98,000 mIU/mL) for stage III infiltration. Cut off level of beta-hCG for each stage were 1,996.5 mIU/mL (stage I vs II, III) and 5,665 mIU/mL (stage I, II vs III) respectively. CONCLUSION: These findings may explain why beta-hCG is a important predicting factor for invasion of trophoblast in tubal pregnancy.
Chorionic Gonadotropin* ; Fallopian Tubes ; Female ; Gestational Age ; Humans* ; Immunoassay ; Mucous Membrane ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy, Tubal* ; Serous Membrane ; Trophoblasts*