No abstract available.
Animals ; Rats* ; Seoul virus* ; Seoul*

Background: Hantavirus causes two distinct human diseases: Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome (HFRS) and Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS). Hantaviruses are maintained in the rodent reservoir and are transmitted to humans via contaminated excreta or bites. Objectives: This study aims to identificate of Seoul virus in R.novergicus in Hai phong port. Material and method: In this study, we trapped 25 of R. novergicus. Results:The results show four R. novergicus are positive for Seoul virus. Partial M segment sequence was recovered from the lung tissue of R. novergicus trapped in Hai Phong port in 2006. M segment of the Seoul virus of Hai Phong sequenced shown is similar to M segment of the Seoul virus of Hanoi. Conclusion:We discovered the Seoul virus in R.novergicus in Hai Phong port in 2006. The sequence belongs to the Seoul virus genotype and is most closely related to the strain B-1 from Japan and the strain AJ620583 from Indonesia.\r\n', u'\r\n', u'
Seoul virus ; R.novergicus ; Hai phong port

Apodemus agrarius, which accounts for three-fourths of the wild rodents, mainly inhabits in cultivated fields of Korea. Apodemus peninsulae and Eothenomys regulus are the second and third dominant species, respectively. Soochong virus (SOOV) from A. peninsulae and Puumala-related Muju virus (MUJV) from E. regulus were isolated in 1997 and 1998 in Korea, respectively. But serological characterizations of SOOV and MUJV were not identified clearly. Thus, in order to determine the serotypic classification, simultaneous cross-indirect immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) assay and cross-plaque reduction neutralization (PRN) test against four different hantaviruses were conducted with sera from 17 A. agrarius, 19 A. peninsulae, and 8 E. regulus strains. IFA titers of sera from A. agrarius and A. peninsulae were the highest to Hantaan virus (HTNV) and SOOV, respectively. However, most sera showed similar IFA titers to Seoul virus (SEOV). Therefore it was difficult to do serotyping using the sera from A. agrarius and A. peninsulae by IFA. In case of sera of E. regulus, IFA titers to Puumala virus (PUUV) were higher than HTNV, SOOV and SEOV. Cross-PRN result of A. agrarius to HTNV, SOOV, SEOV and PUUV was 6,890, 5,120, 110 and 30, respectively. In case of A. peninsulae, the mean PRN titer was the highest to SOOV (1:6,820) and those to HTNV, SEOV and PUUV were 1,580, 100 and 30, respectively. The mean PRN titers of E. regulus to HTNV, SOOV, SEOV and PUUV were 70, 10, 80 and 640. SOOV and MUJV could be distinguished from HTNV and SEOV by cross-PRNT. These results demonstrate that SOOV and MUJV could be classified as new serotype of hantavirus.
Animals ; Classification ; Hantaan virus ; Hantavirus* ; Korea ; Murinae ; Puumala virus ; Rodentia ; Seoul virus ; Serotyping

BACKGROUND: YMDD motif variants of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) emerge in some chronic hepatitis B patients after prolonged lamivudine treatment. HBV DNA breakthrough may be accompanied by the emergence of YMDD variants. The detection of YMDD motif variants will be necessary since Adefovir dipivoxil was recently approved to be an effective treatment for lamivudine-resistant patients. METHODS: Samples were chosen from twenty-one patients who experienced the DNA breakthrough after an undetectable HBV DNA period by HBV DNA hybrid-capture assay. We tested the samples of each stage for detection of YMDD motif variants by a sequencing method using Accu-Typer(TM) HBV YMDD typing Kit (DNA Link, Seoul, Korea) and ABI PRISM 3700 DNA Analyzer. RESULTS: All 17 samples that were collected before treatment had the wild-type YMDD motif. Of 20 samples amplified, which were from the undetectable HBV DNA period, three (15%) samples showed YMDD mutation. After DNA breakthrough, YMDD mutants were detected in 13 (63%) of 21 samples (YIDD 8 cases, YVDD 5 cases). CONCLUSION: We could reconfirmed that YMDD motif variants were remarkably related to the lamivudin resistance. YMDD motif variants; however, were not detected in one-third of the lamivudine resistance. The sequencing method of our study would be useful in providing the neighboring nucleotide information other than the YMDD motif in patients experiencing DNA breakthrough.
DNA ; Hepatitis B virus ; Hepatitis B, Chronic ; Humans ; Lamivudine ; Seoul

Korea declared in 2006 that measles had been eliminated; however, a measles outbreak occurred in the southeastern area of Korea in 2011. Active surveillance of measles patients was conducted in Seoul 3 cases were detected in 2013 and 103 cases in 2014. Of 106 confirmed measles patients, 32 cases were within one university in Seongbukgu, and 23 were within three schools in Yongsangu. Students 14~29 years old comprised 78.3% (83/106) of the cases, and 75.5% (80/106) of the measles viruses were of genotype B3. One foreign traveler played an important role in the measles outbreak in Seoul. This measles outbreak in Seoul may provide useful data for future epidemiological studies of measles.
Epidemiologic Studies ; Genotype ; Humans ; Korea ; Measles virus ; Measles* ; Seoul*

In February 2019, the order Bunyavirales, previously family Bunyaviridae, was amended by new order of 10 families including Hantaviridae family, and now accepted by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). Hantaviridae is now a family of the order Bunyavirales, and the prototype virus species is Hantaan orthohantavirus. The family Hantaviridae is divided into four subfamilies including Mammantavirinae, Repantavirinae, Actantavirinae and Agantavirinae. The subfamily Mammantavirinae is divided into four genera including Orthohantavirus, Loanvirus, Mobatvirus and Thottimvirus. The four Hantavirus species have been found in Korea including three Orthohantaviruses (Hantaan orthohantavirus, Seoul orthohantavirus and Jeju orthohantavirus) and one Thottimvirus (Imjin thottimvirus).
Bunyaviridae ; Classification ; Hantaan virus ; Hantavirus ; Humans ; Korea ; Seoul ; Virology

Hantaan (HTN) and Seoul (SEO) viruses, murid rodent-borne hantaviruses, are known to causes hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Korea. To determine the genomic diversity and molecular phylogeny of HTN and SEO viruses found in Korea, we amplified for part of M and S genomic segments of hantaviruses from sera of HFRS patients and lung tissues of hantavirus seropositive striped-field mice. Both M and S segment of 16 HTN and 2 SEO viruses were amplified by nested reverse transcripton-polymerase chain reaction. Based on 324 nucleotides in the M genomic segment, the HTN and SEO strains showed 93.8~100% and 99.1~99.4% homologies, respectively. Similarly, based on 230 nucleotides in the S genomic segment, HTN and SEO strains showed 90.9~100% and 100% homologies, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis of M and S segments indicated that HTN strains could be divided into at least two main groups in M and S trees and the sequence differences detected among the S and M genomic segments of HTN viruses are consistent with reassortment having taken place between HTN virus strains.
Animals ; Hantavirus ; Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome ; Humans ; Korea ; Lung ; Mice ; Muridae ; Nucleotides ; Phylogeny ; Seoul virus* ; Seoul*

BACKGROUND: Hantavax(TM) was developed for preven-tion of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome caused by Hantaan or Seoul virus in 1990, and has been commer-cially available in Korea since then. Because Hantavax (TM) has such short usage history, the duration of antibody persistency in vaccinees has not been well studied. METHODS: 61 healthy people were immunized subcu-taneously with Hantavax (TM) twice at one month intervals as primary vaccination. 21 vaccinees were tested at 1 ~4 months after primary vaccination and 40 vaccinees were tested at one year after primary vaccination and then one month and 1 ~2 years after booster vaccination. Antibody titers were measured by immunofluorescent assay(IFA), Hantaan virus antigen-coated high density particle agglu-tination assay(HDPA), and plaque reduction neutralization test(PRNT). RESULTS: Seroconversion rates of 21 vaccinees at 1 ~ 4 months after primay vaccination were 20/21(95.2%), 19/21(90.5%) and 14/21(66.7%); seropositivity of 40 vaccinees at one year after primary vaccination was 25/40 (62.5%), 18/40(45.0%), and 9/40(22.5%) by IFA, HDPA, and PRNT, respectively. Seroconversion rates of 8 vaccinees at one month after booster vaccination were 8/ 8(100 %), 8/ 8(100%); antibody persistence rate of 11 vaccinees at 20 months after booster vaccination were 11/ 12 (91.7%), 9/ 12(75.0%), and seroconversion rates of 7 vaccinees at 3 months after second booster vaccination were 7/7(100%) and 6/7(85.7%) by IFA and PRNT, respectively. Geometric mean antibody titers of 21 vaccinees at 1-4 months after primary basic vaccination were 262, 248, 120; and those of 40 vaccinees at one year after primary vaccination were 90, 56, and 24 by IFA, HDPA, and PRNT, respectively. Geometric mean antibody titers of 8 vaccinees at one month after booster vaccination were 852, 183, of 12 vaccinees at 20 months after booster vaccination were 296, 33, and of 7 vaccinees at 3 months after second booster vaccination were 549 and 46 by IFA and PRNT, respectively. CONCLUSION: The booster vaccination is necessary at 12 months after primary vaccination to maintain high levels of antibodies which persist at least two years after booster vaccination.
Antibodies ; Hantaan virus* ; Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome ; Korea ; Seoul virus ; Vaccination

Hantavirus is a genus of the Bunyaviridae family consisting following serotype groups: Hantaan, Seoul, Puumala, Prospect Hill, Thailand, Belgrade, Thotta palayam, Sin Hombre. Most of Hantavirus group have been associated with many clinically similar disease known collectively as hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS). Hantaan virus is the prototype of the genus hantavirus, originally isolated from Apodemus agrarius. Bat was found as a natural host for Hantaan virus in Lee's lab for the first time. Then, Hantaan-like virus was isolated Hantaan-like virus from bat. To identify hantaviruses that are present in Korea among bats, bats were collected from Jeong-Sun, Won-Joo, Chung-Ju and Hwa-Cheon area, RNA was isolated from lung and serum. RT-PCR was performed with a universal primer from M segment. Nested RT-PCR was carried out to differentiate Hantaan, Seoul and Puumala virus using serotype specific primers. As we expected, Hantaan viruses were detected in bats and Seoul virus was not detected. Interestingly, Puumala viruses were also detected in bats from won-Ju, but not in other areas. Puumala virus is originally isolated from Clethrinomys glareolus, and cause light HFRS. Recently, Paradoxomis webbiana, a wild bird turn out to be a reservoir for Puumala virus in Korea. These data indicate that bat is a new natural reservoir of Puumala virus.
Animals ; Birds ; Bunyaviridae ; Chiroptera* ; Chungcheongbuk-do ; Gangwon-do ; Hantaan virus* ; Hantavirus ; Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome ; Humans ; Korea* ; Lung ; Murinae ; Puumala virus ; RNA ; Seoul ; Seoul virus ; Thailand

BACKGROUND: Hantaan (HTN) and Seoul (SEO) viruses, harbored by the striped-field mouse(Apodemus agrarius) and the Norway or common rat (Rattus rattus & Rattus norvegicus), respectively, were known to cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome(HFRS) in Korea. We evaluated the seroepidemiologic patterns of hantaviral infections and detect the hantaviral antigens from patients' sera. METHODS: Total 8,102 HFRS patients' sera were collected from 1994 to 1996, and examined by indirect immunofluorescent antibody technique (IFA), hemagglutination inhibition test (HI), IgM emzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (IgM-ELISA) and nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR). RESULTS: The seropositive rate against hantaviral antigen was 12.0% (973/8102) with the high incidence rate (68.3%) in the period from October to January, and males in the thirties were mostly affected. HTN viral infections were detected 3.5 and 5.2 times higher than SEO viral infections by HI and RT-PCR, respectively, and patients in the fifties were the mostly affected age-group in SEO viral infections, IgM antibodies were detected in the 717 sera of the 905 IFA positive cases (79.2%), and the antigen detection rate of HTN and SEO viruses was 7.7% (56/724). Interestingly, 40 sera (4.4%), showed higher antibody titers against the Puumala (PUU) virus than those against HTN or SEO viruses. CONCLUSION: The results showed HTN and SEO viruses were the main causative agents of HFRS in Korea, and also suggested the possible presence of PUU-related hantaviral infections.
Animals ; Antibodies ; Fever ; Hantaan virus ; Hantavirus ; Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests ; Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome* ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin M ; Incidence ; Korea ; Male ; Norway ; Puumala virus ; Rats ; Seoul ; Seoul virus ; Seroepidemiologic Studies