PURPOSE: To evaluate differences in self-identity in patients diagnosed with strabismus, patients who underwent strabismus surgery, and healthy control individuals. METHODS: Self-identity testing was done during a military service physical examination. There were three subject groups: subjects with strabismus (group 1), subjects who had undergone corrective strabismus surgery (group 2), and subjects free of strabismus (group 3). The self-identity test was comprised of six sub-sections (subjectivity, self-acceptance, future confidence, goal orientation, initiative, and familiarity). Statistical significance of the sub-sections was compared across the three groups. Correlations in age at the time of surgery and across the six sub-sections were investigated in group 2. RESULTS: A total of 351 subjects were enrolled in the study; 96 subjects were in group 1, 108 subjects were in group 2, and 147 subjects were in group 3. Significant differences were evident in subjectivity, self-acceptance, initiative and familiarity between groups 1 and 3. No significant differences were found between groups 2 and 3. In group 2, statistical significance was evident between age at surgery and initiative and familiarity (r = −0.333, p < 0.001; r = −0.433, p < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Self-identity is greater in non-strabismus subjects than strabismus subjects. Correction of strabismus may increase self-identity levels.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Eye Movements/*physiology ; *Facial Expression ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Oculomotor Muscles/*physiopathology/surgery ; Ophthalmologic Surgical Procedures ; Retrospective Studies ; *Self Concept ; Strabismus/physiopathology/*psychology/surgery

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between depressive and anxiety symptoms and tardive dyskinesia (TD) and reveal the association of cognitive function and TD in patients with schizophrenia. METHODS: We recruited 30 schizophrenia patients with TD and 31 without TD from a national mental hospital in South Korea. To assess depressive and anxiety symptoms, the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI–II) and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) were conducted. Using the five-factor structure of the BDI-II and BAI, somatic anxiety, cognitive depression, somatic depression, subjective anxiety, and autonomic anxiety were assessed. Computerized neurocognitive function test (CNT) was performed to assess levels of cognitive functions. We compared the clinical characteristics, levels of cognitive functions, and depressive and anxiety symptoms between schizophrenia patients with TD and without TD. Chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, independent t-test and Mann Whitney U test were conducted to compare two groups. Pearson correlation analysis was conducted to evaluate relationships among the abnormal involuntary movement scale (AIMS), BDI-II, BAI, somatic anxiety, cognitive depression, somatic depression, subjective anxiety, and autonomic anxiety. RESULTS: The subjects with TD had significantly lower score on the cognitive depression than those without TD (t = −2.087, p = 0.041). There were significant correlations between the AIMS score and the BDI-II score (r = −0.386, p = 0.035) and between the AIMS score and cognitive depression score (r = − 0.385, p = 0.035). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest the inverse relationship between severities in TD and depression and support the assumption that there is an inverse relationship between the pathophysiology of TD and depression.
Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale ; Anxiety ; Cognition ; Depression* ; Hospitals, Psychiatric ; Humans ; Korea ; Movement Disorders* ; Schizophrenia*

Objective: The Public Health Disaster Response Team (PHDRT) has been organized by the Community Health Center since 2016 under the National Disaster Response Frame. They are mobilized when a Mass-Casualty-Incident is expected to occur. This study sheds light on the disaster medical system by analyzing the awareness of the PHDRT on the disaster medical management capacity. Methods: To develop the questionnaire, a literature review was conducted. The questionnaire was distributed and obtained after inspecting the survey questionnaire filled out by the PHDRT. There were 254 samples. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, and multiple regression. Results: Research has proven that the awareness of the disaster medical management capacity was 3.11 (rating 1-5). In detail, organizational capacity received the highest agreement score (3.54±0.84), while the budget and organization management was below the midpoint (2.73±0.83). Significant positive correlations were found between the capacity components, particularly the organizational capacity and cooperation system (r=0.71, P<0.01). The awareness was significantly different according to sex, age, job (type), total career, and task weight. The factors influencing the awareness of disaster medical management capacity included age, total career, and task weight. Conclusion The findings from awareness analysis suggest that national and systemic supports, as well as personal efforts, are necessary to strengthen the disaster medical management capacity.