No abstract available.
Probiotics

BACKGROUND: Using the urinary bladder as a model, neurophysiological studies of visceral primary afferents supplying inflamed tissue have been studied. In this study we have examined the response of the hypogastric afferents supplying the urinary bladder of the cat to intra-arterially injected algesic chemicals after experimental inflammation. METHODS: Twenty units were recorded from the strands of hypogastric nerve. Once a unit was found, the conduction velocity was determined by extracellular recording of single fiber. When the response of the unit excited by mechanical stimuli was found, chemical stimuli were applied by intra-arterial injection of algesic chemicals (bradykinin, KCl). And then, irritant chemical, 3% mustard oil injected into the urinary bladder for the induction of an experimental inflammation. After removal of the irritant and with the empty bladder, the response of the afferent unit to chemical stimuli by intra-arterially injected bradykinin and KCl were studied again. RESULTS: All units were found to be A delta fibers and responded to both mechanical and chemical stimuli. After experimental inflammation, the basal tone and spontaneous contraction of the urinary bladder were increased and spontaneous nerve activity of the hypogastric afferents appeared. Bladder contraction and nerve activity to intra-arterially injected bradykinin decreased more than those of controls before inflammation. The ratio of nerve activity to the bladder contraction after experimental inflammation was increased. CONCLUSIONS: The hypogastric afferents were sensitized after inflammation, which showed increased nerve response to intra-arterially injected bradykinin comparing to the contraction response of the urinary bladder.
Animals ; Bradykinin ; Cats ; Cystitis* ; Inflammation ; Injections, Intra-Arterial ; Mustard Plant ; Sensory Receptor Cells* ; Urinary Bladder*

Craving has been well known to be the most important clinical phenomenon in smoking cessation treatment and one that physicians always encounter. For successful and prolonged abstinence, understanding, evaluation, and management of craving are essential. The concept and definition of craving is still under debate, although its importance, relevance, and role in smoking relapse is evident. There are two types of craving, 'abstinence-induced craving' and 'cue-induced craving' according to time dynamic and causes. The evaluation of craving mainly depends on self-reported measures in the clinical field. Pharmacological treatments such as the nicotine patch, bupropion, and varenicline are effective for abstinence-induced craving. Psychosocial treatment and a few pharmacological agents such as nicotine gum and lozenges are useful for reducing cue-induced craving. This review was aimed at conveying up-to-date information on the characteristics, evaluation, and treatment of craving. Development of objective measurement tool for evaluation of craving is needed. The effects of pharmacological treatments on 'cue-induced craving' remain to be discovered. An active effort to alleviate each type of craving is necessary to enhance and prolong a patient's abstinence.
Benzazepines ; Bupropion ; Gingiva ; Nicotine ; Quinoxalines ; Recurrence ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Smoking Cessation ; Tobacco Use Cessation Products ; Tobacco Use Disorder ; Varenicline

Blunt force trauma to the head or neck region can cause traumatic basal subarachnoid hemorrhage (TBSAH), which can result in rapid loss of consciousness and death; however, detecting such a vascular injury is difficult. Posterior neck dissection was performed to investigate the bleeding focus in TBSAH cases 2018 and 2019. In all four cases, autopsies revealed a longitudinal tear in the midsection of the vertebral artery’s intracranial portion. The midportion of the intracranial vertebral artery appears to be most vulnerable to TBSAH. Interestingly, three of the cases showed only a vaguely visible longitudinal fissure in the artery without a grossly apparent tear; rupture was confirmed by microscopic examination. Longitudinal fissures of the intracranial vertebral artery, which are difficult to identify without detailed examination, may be overlooked in some cases of TBSAH. Thus, careful gross and microscopic examination of the vertebral artery is recommended in cases of TBSAH.

Objectives: : The purpose of this study is to investigate depression and suicide ideation according to socioeconomic changes after COVID-19 among Korean adolescent. Methods: : Data on the study population were obtained from the 16th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey (KYRBS). The KYRBS is a nationally representative sample of Korean adolescents (aged 12-18 years) that originally included over 103 questions in 15 domains of health-risk behaviors. In the 16th KYRBS, a total 54,948 students from 793 schools responded to the survey. Chi-square test and logistic regression analysis were conducted regarding depression and suicide ideation. Results: : This study suggests that changes in the family household before and after COVID-19 pandemic are also affecting the mental health of the adolescents. The study shows that worse change of family household is significant associations with suicidal ideation and depression. Adolescents reporting worse (AOR 1.38; 95% CI 1.38-1.57) and much worse (AOR 2.07; 95% CI 1.87-2.29) were significantly more likely to report depression. Adolescents reporting worse (AOR 1.34; 95% CI 1.34-1.60) and much worse (AOR 2.01; 95% CI 1.76-2.29) were significantly more likely to report suicide ideation. Conclusions : In this study, it was confirmed that young people from socially disadvantaged backgrounds are at high risk of suicide ideation and more depression. The results of this study suggest that we should consider improving the screening and prevention of mental health problems for adolescents with poor socioeconomic changes of COVID-19.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the reliability and validity of the self-report Korean version of Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ-Kr) in the community sample. METHODS: The SDQ-Kr was administered to a large sample of school children and adolescents (n=2814) and youth attendees of a psychiatric clinic (n=385) aged 11-16 years. To examine temporal stability, the same questionnaire was administered to a subsample of 167 school youths five to six weeks after the initial assessment. To examine the reliability, we calculated Cronbach's alpha coefficients for internal consistency and Pearson's correlations for test-retest stability. In order to evaluate the factorial structure of the SDQ-Kr items, we conducted an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with varimax rotation. Finally, discriminant validity was examined by using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves employing the area under the curve (AUC) as an index of discriminant ability. RESULTS: Although the internal consistency of some subscales of the SDQ-Kr was somewhat less satisfactory (alpha coefficients; 0.28-0.54) than the English original, coefficients for the total difficulties scores approached sufficient levels (coefficients; 0.69). Other psychometric properties including discriminant validity (AUC for total difficulties and four subscales >0.7) were comparable to those obtained in other language studies. CONCLUSION: The self-report SDQ-Kr exhibited a low level of reliability, indicating that some items need to be further evaluated and revised to improve the psychometric properties. We suggest that the total difficulties score could be used with more confidence for screening possible mental health problems in youths.
Adolescent ; Child ; Humans ; Korea* ; Mass Screening ; Mental Health ; Psychometrics* ; Reproducibility of Results ; ROC Curve

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine the mediating roles of uncontrolled eating and sedentary behaviours in the link of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and weight. METHODS: A total of 352 children in fifth and sixth grade participated in the present study by completing the self-rated Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire and Children of Alcoholics Screening Test during regular classes. An additional questionnaire completed by their parents provided information about the children's ADHD and emotional symptoms, sedentary behaviour based on screen time, and parental variables. The questionnaires were surveyed within one week after their schools' annual physical check-up. RESULTS: Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that uncontrolled eating was complete mediator in association between ADHD symptoms and body mass index (BMI) for boys, incomplete mediator for girls. However, screen time had no significant effect on the ADHD symptoms-BMI link for both gender. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study suggest that gender specific intervention programs may be need to help eating behaviour in children with ADHD and overweight.
Alcoholics ; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity* ; Body Mass Index ; Child ; Eating* ; Female ; Humans ; Mass Screening ; Negotiating ; Overweight ; Parents

BACKGROUND: Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is a single-gene disorder caused by mutations in the NOTCH3 gene, located on chromosome 19p13. NOTCH3 encodes a transmembrane receptor which plays a role in cellular differentiation and cell cycle regulation. CASE REPORT: A 71-year-old female showing headache and memory impairment, familial history of stroke and having a missense mutation from proline to serine at codon 167 in the exon 4 on NOTCH3 gene. Five family members revealed the same mutation (c.499C>T), who presented migrainous headache and stroke. In this study, we have uncovered a novel NOTCH3 mutation at the nucleotide position 499 (c.499C>T; p.P167S) in a family with CADASIL. CONCLUSIONS: We suggested a missense mutation of proline to serine at codon 167 in exon 4 of the NOTCH3 gene, which resulted in the substitution of cytosine to thymine (c.499C>T) resulting migraine, stroke and vascular cognitive impairment.
Aged ; CADASIL* ; Cell Cycle ; Codon ; Cognition Disorders ; Cytosine ; Exons ; Female ; Headache ; Humans ; Memory ; Migraine Disorders ; Mutation, Missense* ; Proline ; Serine ; Stroke ; Thymine

Three neonatal pigs from the same litter in a domestic farm were born with skin lesions. Grossly, multiple wellcircumscribed, round papules distributed over the skin of the three piglets. Two piglets were submitted for a diagnosis of skin disease.Microscopically, epidermal hyperplasia with ballooning degeneration of stratum spinosum keratinocytes was observed. Some keratinocytes contained eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions and a central nuclear vacuole and chromatin margination. Swinepox (SWP) virus was detected by polymerase chain reaction and nucleotide sequencing, and Staphylococcus hyicus was isolated in skin lesions. Based on the gross findings and laboratory results, these piglets were diagnosed with congenital SWP with a secondary staphylococcal infection.

Three neonatal pigs from the same litter in a domestic farm were born with skin lesions. Grossly, multiple wellcircumscribed, round papules distributed over the skin of the three piglets. Two piglets were submitted for a diagnosis of skin disease.Microscopically, epidermal hyperplasia with ballooning degeneration of stratum spinosum keratinocytes was observed. Some keratinocytes contained eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions and a central nuclear vacuole and chromatin margination. Swinepox (SWP) virus was detected by polymerase chain reaction and nucleotide sequencing, and Staphylococcus hyicus was isolated in skin lesions. Based on the gross findings and laboratory results, these piglets were diagnosed with congenital SWP with a secondary staphylococcal infection.