PURPOSE: To compare the characteristics of optical coherence tomography in eyes with treatment-naïve typical neovascular age-related macular degeneration (typical nAMD), polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV), and retinal angiomatous proliferation (RAP). METHODS: One hundred fifty-three eyes newly diagnosed with exudative AMD were retrospectively collected. All study eyes were classified into three subtypes: typical nAMD, PCV, and RAP. Subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) was measured using enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT). Central macular thickness (CMT) and other OCT features including intraretinal cystoid fluid and subretinal fluid were also evaluated in all eyes. SFCT, CMT and other OCT features were compared among the three subtypes of exudative AMD. RESULTS: Seventy-four eyes with typical nAMD, 55 eyes with PCV, and 24 eyes with RAP were included. SFCT was significantly thickest in PCV and thinnest in RAP (p < 0.001). RAP showed the thickest CMT and the highest frequency of intraretinal cystoid fluid (p = 0.004, p < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with exudative AMD, different characteristics of OCT were observed according to the three subtypes. Identification of OCT characteristics could help differentiate the subtypes of exudative AMD.
Choroid ; Humans ; Macular Degeneration* ; Retinaldehyde ; Retrospective Studies ; Subretinal Fluid ; Tomography, Optical Coherence*

PUPPOSE: The purposes of the study were 1) to examine what relationships exist between PTE(perceived treatments effect) and PPS (perceived physical suffering) as the independent variables and hope as the dependent variable and 2) to examine whether PTE and PPS predict hope in cancer patients in their post-operative period within the Stotland's hope theory. METHOD: The Visual Analog Scale was used for measuring PTE and PPS and the Kim and Lee's Hope Scale which had acceptable reliability and validity was used for measuring hope. The data was collected from 38 hospitalized cancer patients who were in the post-operative period with a convenient sampling method. RESULT: There was a significant positive relationship between hope and the PTE in the low PTE group. There was a significant negative relationship between hope and the PPS in the low PPS group. There were no significant relationships between hope and the PTE in the high PTE group, and between hope and the PPS in the high PPS group. And the PTE explained hope with 71.2% of the variance in the low PTE group. CONCLUSION: PTE in the low PTE group and PPS in the low PPS group were identified as the factors to explain hope.
Hope* ; Humans ; Reproducibility of Results ; Visual Analog Scale

Actinomycosis, in which the principal causative agent in man is known to Actinomyces israelii, is a chronic, suppurative diseases characterized by extensive fibrosis, multiple abscesses, and formation of sinus tracts that drain suppurative exudates. On the basis of the anatomical sites involved; it can be subclassified into the cervicofacial form, which is the most common form, pulmonary form and abdominal form. Kidneys are rarely affected. Clinically, radiologically, and at operation it is difficult to differentiate the renal actinomycosis from renal tuberculosis and renal carcinoma. The prognosis is excellent after nephrectomy followed by appropriate antibiotic therapy. We presented a case of renal actinomycosis with a brief review of the literatures.
Male ; Humans

The epidermoid cyst of the testis is a rare benign lesion with a characteristic gross and microscopic appearances. This 25 year old male who had been previously diagnosed as Klinefelter's snydrome (47/XXY) had right orchiectomy due to hard testicular nodule for a presented malignant testicular tumor. Sectioning of the testis revealed a intraparenchy matous cystic lesion, 1.5 cm in diameter, filled with cheesy white material. Histologically, stratified squamous epithelium lined the cyst. The remaining testis showed advanced tubular sclerosis and Leydig cell hyperplasia. It is necessary to submit multiple sections to rule out other histologic elements in the cyst wall or the presence of a scar. Although epidermoid cyst occurring as a solitary testicullar nodule could be regarded as a stage in the development of a teratoma, they need to be distinguished from the complex differentiated teratomas because of a distinct difference in prognosis.
Male ; Humans ; Cysts

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of intravitreal aflibercept injection in the treatment of submacular hemorrhage secondary to neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD). METHODS: This retrospective, observational study included patients diagnosed with nAMD with submacular hemorrhage treated with intravitreal aflibercept monotherapy. A total of 54 eyes of 54 patients were treated with an initial series of three monthly intravitreal aflibercept injections followed by as-needed injections. At the 6 month follow-up, changes in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central macular thickness (CMT), and submacular hemorrhage area (SMH) were evaluated. RESULTS: The mean preoperative BCVA was 0.79 ± 0.59 logMAR, which improved significantly to 0.53 ± 0.46 logMAR at 3 months and 0.48 ± 0.50 logMAR at 6 months (p < 0.001, in both). The CMT significantly decreased in all eyes: preoperative, 454.4 ± 131.5 µm, to 242.6 ± 39.7 µm at 6 months. The SMH was also reduced in all eyes: preoperative, 6.4 ± 4.8 disc areas (DAs) to 0.8 ± 1.4 DAs at 6 months. Ten eyes were diagnosed with typical nAMD (18.5%) and 44 eyes were diagnosed polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (81.5%). There was no significant difference at 6 months in the visual outcomes of the subgroups. CONCLUSIONS: Intravitreal aflibercept monotherapy is well-tolerated as a treatment in maintaining or improving vision in patients with SMH secondary to nAMD.
Choroid ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Macular Degeneration ; Observational Study ; Retrospective Studies ; Visual Acuity

In the unusual manifestation of right upper lobe collapse confusing with mediastinal or parenchymal mass, both alteration of the pulmonary vessels and shifting pattern of the collapsed lobe to the periphery on supine positionare the key to the diagnosis of it rather than mediastinal or parenchymal mass. The mechanisms of these unusual manifestation s are obscure, however lobar torsion and gravity factor are considered to be a main process. Authors have experienced 2 cases of unusual manifestations of right upper lobe collapse due to bronchogenic carcinomaduring resent 2 years in Kyung Hee University hospital, and prsent radiologic findings.
Carcinoma, Bronchogenic ; Diagnosis ; Gravitation

PURPOSE: To evaluate the prognostic factors that predict visual outcome after vitrectomy for lamellar macular hole using optical coherence tomography (OCT). METHODS: This study included 26 eyes that underwent pars plana vitrectomy, epiretinal membrane removal, and internal limiting membrane peeling for lamellar macular hole. The maximum parafoveal thickness, maximum height and diameter of lamellar macular hole, maximum height and diameter of intraretinal splitting, thinnest foveal floor thickness, and inner segment/outer segment disruption length on preoperative OCT image were investigated for prognostic factors that predict visual outcome. RESULTS: The mean follow-up period was 32.2 months and the mean best corrected visual acuity improved significantly after vitrectomy from log MAR 0.47 +/- 0.32 to log MAR 0.23 +/- 0.23. The postoperative visual acuity correlated significantly with preoperative visual acuity, thinnest foveal floor thickness and inner segment/outer segment disruption length, but not with maximum parafoveal thickness, maximum height and diameter of lamellar macular hole and maximum height and diameter of intraretinal splitting. CONCLUSIONS: The thinnest foveal floor thickness and inner segment/outer segment disruption length on preoperative OCT image were significant prognostic factors.
Epiretinal Membrane ; Follow-Up Studies ; Membranes ; Retinal Perforations* ; Tomography, Optical Coherence* ; Visual Acuity ; Vitrectomy*

PURPOSE: To evaluate the changes in each retinal layer thickness according to preoperative optical coherence tomography (OCT) patterns after idiopathic epiretinal membrane (ERM) removal and to investigate the correlation between retinal layer thickness and visual improvement. METHODS: The medical records of 63 patients (63 eyes) who underwent vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling for idiopathic ERM and followed for more than 6 months were retrospectively reviewed. The OCT images of preoperative idiopathic ERM were classified into 3 patterns being flat, convex, and concave. Then, the changes of each retinal layer thickness were compared among OCT patterns and the correlations between retinal layer thickness and visual improvement were analyzed. RESULTS: Improvement in visual acuity was measured in the following order: concave, flat, and convex patterns. The patients with the convex pattern only showed significant improvement of visual acuity. Ganglion cell layer plus inner plexiform layer (GCL + IPL), inner nuclear layer (INL), and outer plexiform layer (OPL) thicknesses were significantly larger in preoperative ERM patients than in normal controls in the following order: convex, concave, and flat patterns. Retinal layer thickness decreased significantly in GCL + IPL and INL after surgery in convex, flat, and concave patterns, in that order. Generally, preoperative retinal layer thickness and postoperative visual acuity were not correlated. However, improvement of visual acuity was significantly related to GCL + IPL and INL thicknesses in the convex pattern and IPL thickness in the flat pattern. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with idiopathic ERM, preoperative difference in each retinal layer thickness according to preoperative OCT patterns was observed. After ERM removal, reduction of each retinal layer thickness and specific retinal layer related to visual improvement was different according to preoperative OCT patterns.
Epiretinal Membrane ; Ganglion Cysts ; Humans ; Medical Records ; Membranes ; Retinaldehyde* ; Retrospective Studies ; Tomography, Optical Coherence ; Visual Acuity ; Vitrectomy

PURPOSE: To evaluate the prognostic factors that predict visual outcome after vitrectomy for lamellar macular hole using optical coherence tomography (OCT). METHODS: This study included 26 eyes that underwent pars plana vitrectomy, epiretinal membrane removal, and internal limiting membrane peeling for lamellar macular hole. The maximum parafoveal thickness, maximum height and diameter of lamellar macular hole, maximum height and diameter of intraretinal splitting, thinnest foveal floor thickness, and inner segment/outer segment disruption length on preoperative OCT image were investigated for prognostic factors that predict visual outcome. RESULTS: The mean follow-up period was 32.2 months and the mean best corrected visual acuity improved significantly after vitrectomy from log MAR 0.47 +/- 0.32 to log MAR 0.23 +/- 0.23. The postoperative visual acuity correlated significantly with preoperative visual acuity, thinnest foveal floor thickness and inner segment/outer segment disruption length, but not with maximum parafoveal thickness, maximum height and diameter of lamellar macular hole and maximum height and diameter of intraretinal splitting. CONCLUSIONS: The thinnest foveal floor thickness and inner segment/outer segment disruption length on preoperative OCT image were significant prognostic factors.
Epiretinal Membrane ; Follow-Up Studies ; Membranes ; Retinal Perforations* ; Tomography, Optical Coherence* ; Visual Acuity ; Vitrectomy*

PURPOSE: To evaluate the changes in each retinal layer thickness according to preoperative optical coherence tomography (OCT) patterns after idiopathic epiretinal membrane (ERM) removal and to investigate the correlation between retinal layer thickness and visual improvement. METHODS: The medical records of 63 patients (63 eyes) who underwent vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling for idiopathic ERM and followed for more than 6 months were retrospectively reviewed. The OCT images of preoperative idiopathic ERM were classified into 3 patterns being flat, convex, and concave. Then, the changes of each retinal layer thickness were compared among OCT patterns and the correlations between retinal layer thickness and visual improvement were analyzed. RESULTS: Improvement in visual acuity was measured in the following order: concave, flat, and convex patterns. The patients with the convex pattern only showed significant improvement of visual acuity. Ganglion cell layer plus inner plexiform layer (GCL + IPL), inner nuclear layer (INL), and outer plexiform layer (OPL) thicknesses were significantly larger in preoperative ERM patients than in normal controls in the following order: convex, concave, and flat patterns. Retinal layer thickness decreased significantly in GCL + IPL and INL after surgery in convex, flat, and concave patterns, in that order. Generally, preoperative retinal layer thickness and postoperative visual acuity were not correlated. However, improvement of visual acuity was significantly related to GCL + IPL and INL thicknesses in the convex pattern and IPL thickness in the flat pattern. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with idiopathic ERM, preoperative difference in each retinal layer thickness according to preoperative OCT patterns was observed. After ERM removal, reduction of each retinal layer thickness and specific retinal layer related to visual improvement was different according to preoperative OCT patterns.
Epiretinal Membrane ; Ganglion Cysts ; Humans ; Medical Records ; Membranes ; Retinaldehyde* ; Retrospective Studies ; Tomography, Optical Coherence ; Visual Acuity ; Vitrectomy