Paragonimiasis has been recognized as a major public health problem in Korea. This disease is a chronic inflammatory process which frequently involve to the lung and rarely to other organs,(ectopic infection). A case of a ureteral stricture by ectopic infection of Paragonimus westermani at the retroperitoneum was presented with a brief review of literature.
Constriction, Pathologic* ; Korea ; Lung ; Paragonimiasis* ; Paragonimus westermani ; Public Health ; Ureter*

Currently, many techniques for the diagnosis of carpal disorders have been developed. Plain radiograph is the most simple and low-cost procedure that offers various information on the normal wrist. Nonetheless, a sufficient amount of morphometric database for Koreans has not been studied. In this study, the authors reviewed 100 cases of plain posteroanterior radiograph of the wrist in normal Korean adults for both sexes in order to establish normal databases. Various parameters were measured, and comparisons between the sexes, age groups, foreign databases and other domestic databases were made. The results were as follows. 1. In all measurements of the length and ratio except ulnar variance, there were significant differences between the sexes. But there was no significant difference between the sexes in angular measurements. No significant difference in measurements were found among the groups based on their age. 2. The average ulnar variance was 0.6 mm, and it was higher than Europeans and Americans. 3. The average carpal height ratio was 53.5% and significantly lower in females, but the revised carpal height ratio was higher. This means that the length of the capitate is shorter and the length of the third metacarpal bone is relatively longer in females, if the carpal height is constant. 4. The carpal-radial distance ratio, the carpal-ulnar distance ratio, and the carpal width-carpal height ratio were significantly lower in females. This means that the carpal width is relatively narrower in females. The authors hope that information concerning normal roentgenographic measurements of the wrist can help to diagnose the carpal disorders including the diseases appearing carpal collapse or carpal translation and to design wrist implants.
Adult* ; Diagnosis ; Female ; Hope ; Humans ; Wrist*

Carpal tunnel syndrome(CTS), the most common compressive neuropathy, is usually diagnosed by clinical features and nerve conduction test(NCS). However, NCS might show no abnormal finding. Ultrasonography(USG), known as helpful adjunctive in diagnosis of CTS, also might show false negative finding. A 33-year-old woman presented with complaints of pain and numbness in median nerve area on her right hand for 4 years. Despite typical clinical features of CTS, neither NCS nor USG showed abnormal finding. Because of persistent symptom, without significant improvement on conservative management, endoscopic carpal tunnel release(ECTR) was performed with carpal tunnel pressure(CTP) measurement. The measured CTP was 27.9mmHg before ECRT, which was reduced to 5.9mmHg after operation. The pain and numbness subsided after operation. Our case showed the usefulness of CTP measurement in diagnosis of CTS. The measurement of CTP might be an important diagnosis modality for some patients having CTS, especially in cases without definitive findings in NCS and USG.
Adult ; Carpal Tunnel Syndrome ; Cytidine Triphosphate ; Electromyography ; Female ; Hand ; Humans ; Hypesthesia ; Median Nerve ; Neural Conduction

The effect of intranasal nifedipine drops in 20 randomly chosen patients with diethyl-ether induced hypertension by inhalation anesthesia was observed. Patients were placed in two groups: the first group received intranasal nifedipine at the time of induction and the second group received intranasal nifedipine at the time to skin incision. The change in mean arterial pressure in the first group was not significant, but in the second group, the increase in mean arterial pressure was significant immediately after intranasal administration of nifedipine at the time of skin incision. An increase in pulse rate was noted with the increase in mean arterial pressure and this is thought to result from the stimulation of catecholamine secretion and baroreceptor reflex. Since the difference in mean arterial pressure between the two groups was minimal at ten minutes and twenty minutes after skin incision, it is suggested that the onset of intranasal nifedipine is quite fast. Based on the authors' experience, intranasal administration of nifedipine is very useful in preventing or treating hypertension during inhalation anesthesia using diethyl-ether.
Administration, Intranasal* ; Anesthesia, Inhalation ; Arterial Pressure ; Baroreflex ; Ether* ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Nifedipine* ; Skin

Psychosis in patients with dementia contributes substantially to patient morbidity and caregiver distress. The concept of psychosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other types of dementia is developed with respect to prevalence, incidence, clinical characteristics, clinical course, and potential response to treatment. This article provides an overview of concept of psychosis in dementia. Published prevalence estimates of psychosis in patients with AD range from 10 to 73% within clinical populations. There is a continuing persistence of psychotic symptomatology among people with AD;most patients with psychosis continue to fulfill criteria for psychosis of dementia over at least 3 months, and over a half may have psychotic symptoms persist over a year. Among people with AD who have no psychotic symptoms there appears to be an annualized incidence of psychosis of about 20% in outpatients, and a much higher rate in nursing home patients. Frontal hypometabolism and greater frontal neuropsycological deficits occur in AD patients with psychosis in comparison to those without. There is some evidence that psychotic symptoms improve modestly with antipsychotic medication treatment, although optimal treatment guidelines have been elusive. The characteristics of psychosis in Parkinson's disease, Lewy body dementia, frontotemporal dementia and vascular dementia were also reviewed. Conclusively, further research to support the validity of a syndrome of psychosis in various types of dementia, as well as AD is needed.
Alzheimer Disease ; Caregivers ; Dementia ; Dementia, Vascular ; Frontotemporal Dementia ; Humans ; Incidence ; Lewy Body Disease ; Nursing Homes ; Outpatients ; Parkinson Disease ; Prevalence ; Psychotic Disorders

BACKGROUND: Subthalamic nucleus (STN) activity increases in patients and animal models of Parkinson's disease. It has been proposed that the STN may play a role in the progressive death of nigral dopamine (DA) neurons in PD. We studied the role of the excitatory afferents from the STN in the death of nigral DA neurons after a striatal 6-hydroxy-dopamine (6-OHDA) injection in a 6-OHDA-induced early Parkinson rat model. METHODS: Nigral DA neurons were counted using of tyrosine hydroxylase immunolabeling. Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to unilateral, ibotenic acid-induced destruction of the STN 3 weeks after producing the early Parkinson model by injecting an intrastriatal 6- OHDA (8.75 microgram). Sham lesions of the STN were made by injecting phosphate-buffered saline. One week after STN ablation, lesions of nigrostriatal DA neurons were induced by repeated intrastriatal injections of 6-OHDA (8.75 microgram). RESULTS: Intrastriatal injections of 6-OHDA caused a progressive loss of nigral tyrosine hydroxylase-positive DA neurons in a dose dependent manner (3.5 microgram, 8.75 microgram, 17.5 microgram). The dose of 8.75 microgram of 6-OHDA was suitable for the early Parkinson model. Previous ablation of the STN significantly attenuated the loss of DA neurons in rats receiving 6-OHDA. Sham lesions of the STN did not affect DA neuron death induced by the toxin. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that excitatory inputs from the STN may contribute to the 6-OHDA-induced death of nigral DA neurons in the early state of Parkinson's disease.
Animals ; Dopamine ; Dopaminergic Neurons* ; Humans ; Models, Animal* ; Neurons ; Oxidopamine ; Parkinson Disease* ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Substantia Nigra ; Subthalamic Nucleus ; Tyrosine ; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase

Kallmann syndrome (KS) is characterized by the association of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia. Although the vast majority of KS cases are sporadic, some X-linked recessive (KAL1), autosomal dominant (FGFR1), and autosomal recessive (most commonly GNRHR) modes of inheritance have been described. Two boys were referred to our department because of cryptorchidism and the absence of puberty. Upon laboratory evaluation they were diagnosed with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Agenesis of the olfactory bulbs was detected in radiologic tests, and total deletion of the KAL1 gene was detected through multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA). Although cryptorchidism was diagnosed in the siblings, only the older brother suffered from sensorineural hearing loss and right renal agenesis, a feature that had been reported in X-linked KS. We describe herein the clinical heterogeneity of two affected brothers who carry a complete deletion in KAL1; this is the first case of familial Kallmann syndrome due to the complete deletion of the KAL1 gene reported in Korea.
Congenital Abnormalities ; Cryptorchidism ; Hearing Loss, Sensorineural ; Humans ; Hypogonadism ; Kallmann Syndrome ; Kidney ; Kidney Diseases ; Korea ; Male ; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Olfaction Disorders ; Olfactory Bulb ; Population Characteristics ; Puberty ; Siblings ; Wills

Kallmann syndrome (KS) is characterized by the association of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia. Although the vast majority of KS cases are sporadic, some X-linked recessive (KAL1), autosomal dominant (FGFR1), and autosomal recessive (most commonly GNRHR) modes of inheritance have been described. Two boys were referred to our department because of cryptorchidism and the absence of puberty. Upon laboratory evaluation they were diagnosed with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Agenesis of the olfactory bulbs was detected in radiologic tests, and total deletion of the KAL1 gene was detected through multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA). Although cryptorchidism was diagnosed in the siblings, only the older brother suffered from sensorineural hearing loss and right renal agenesis, a feature that had been reported in X-linked KS. We describe herein the clinical heterogeneity of two affected brothers who carry a complete deletion in KAL1; this is the first case of familial Kallmann syndrome due to the complete deletion of the KAL1 gene reported in Korea.
Congenital Abnormalities ; Cryptorchidism ; Hearing Loss, Sensorineural ; Humans ; Hypogonadism ; Kallmann Syndrome ; Kidney ; Kidney Diseases ; Korea ; Male ; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Olfaction Disorders ; Olfactory Bulb ; Population Characteristics ; Puberty ; Siblings ; Wills

Purpose: To identify the incidence and characteristics of immediate substitutions of injured players that occurred during Korean professional football league matches. Methods: This study included injuries that resulted in immediate substitutions of injured players during Korean professional football league matches. The match broadcasting records were used to check the date of the match, home-away matches, the team to which players belong, the position on the field of play, and the time of injury.The match recording videos were used to evaluate the injury mechanism and the injured area. Results: In 228 matches, 66 immediate substitutions of injured players occurred, with an incidence rate of 0.3 per match. Total number of substitutions due to injuries most frequently occurred in May, with 15 substitutions in 30 matches; however, after considering the number of substitutions per match in each month, November was the most severe month with 0.53 substitutions after injuries per match. Most frequently injured players were defenders (36.4%), followed by midfielders, forwards, and goalkeepers. Immediate substitutions of injured players took place 32 times in the first half and 34 times in the second half. 51.5% of all injuries were related to collisions, and injuries to the knee and thigh accounted for 45.5% of all injuries. Conclusion There were 66 immediate substitutions of injured players during a single season of the Korean professional football league, with 0.3 substitutions after injuries per match. To prevent and manage serious injuries that can occur during a football match, a thorough analysis of risk factors of injuries that lead to immediate substitution is required.

OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to identify demographic variables and illness related variables which may affect the severity of self-engulfment in the patients with schizophrenia. We also studied the relationship between self-engulfment and insight, and the relationship between self-engulfment and self-esteem. METHODS: Data on demographic variables and illness related variables for the subjects were gathered from hospital records and clinical interviews by the psychiatrists. Degree of insight far the subjects was assessed through clinical interviews by the psychiatrists. Degree of self-engulfment and self-esteem for the subject was assessed from the self-engulfment scale and the self-esteem state respectively. A total of 111 patients with schizophrenia were selected for statistical analysis. RESULTS: 1) The females exhibited significantly higher socres than the males on the self-engulfment scale . 2) There was no illness related variable, which exhibited a significant difference among subgroups on the self-engulfment scale. 3) There was no significant correlation between the self-engulfment stores and the insight scores . 4) There was a significantly inverse correlation between the self-engulfment scores and the self esteem scores. CONCLUSION: The results of this preliminary study suggest that self-engulfment may develop despite lack of insight, and that there was inverse relationship between self-engulfment and self-esteem in the patients with schizophrenia. It also suggests that females are more subject to self-engulfment than males. So, authors suggest that it is valuable to do further studies of self-engulfment in the patients with schizophrenia.
Female ; Hospital Records ; Humans ; Male ; Psychiatry ; Schizophrenia ; Self Concept