Epidemiological and statistical observations were made of fire hazards that occurred during the past 18 years, 1948 to 1965. Injury and mortality rates for all ages were computed chronologically. For the years of 1955, 1961 and 1965, all fire accidents were epidemiologically analysed to draw characteristic pattern in relation to the seasonal and 24 hour distribution, causes and sites of accidents etc.. Fire hazards observed herein are the categorys E 916 of the International Classification of Causes of Death, 1955, and includes all accidents caused by fire and explosion of combustible materials. The following conclusion was made: 1. The average umber of annual deaths due to fire was 183 and the number of the injured due to the same cause was 335. The mortality rate per 100,000 population was 0.8 and the ratio of injures per death was 1.8. 2. The casualty rate including both the dead and injured was 5.0 per 100,000 in Seoul, the highest among the provinces and followed by 3.4 in Cheju-Do, 2.1 in Kangwon-Do, 1.7 in Kyunggi-Do accordingly. The other provinces had a range of 0.6 to 1.2. 3. The monthly distribution of fire accidents showed that the winter months, December through February, had more frequent accidents, while the summer season, June through August had less. The 24 hour distribution of accidents showed more cases from 12:00 to 18:00 and less from 4:00 to 10:00 hours. 4. The per cent distribution of causes of accidents showed; 90.0% for careless, 10.0% for arson. The cause of carelessness was further breakdown into; 15.0% for kitchen fire places, 13.8% for fire playing, 9.4% for electrical heating and wires, 8.3% for fuels, 6.3% for matches, 5.2% for ash dumps and the remaining for others. 5. The accidents as classified by place revealed that 56.8% of the total occurred at the common dwelling houses, 11.3 at various industrial workshops, 9.3% at the street shops and the remaining at the miscellaneous places.
Cause of Death ; Classification ; Education ; Explosions ; Fires* ; Firesetting Behavior ; Gangwon-do ; Gyeonggi-do ; Heating ; Hot Temperature ; Jeju-do ; Korea* ; Mortality ; Seasons ; Seoul

Malocclusion is a serious complication of open reduction surgery for facial fractures. It is often caused by the lack of adequate consideration for the occlusal relationship before the trauma and intermaxillary fixation during the operation. This is a case report of postoperative malocclusion that occurred in a patient with a midfacial complex fracture.
Fracture Fixation ; Humans ; Jaw ; Malocclusion* ; Postoperative Complications

PURPOSE: To investigate the relationship between photoreceptor inner/outer segment (IS/OS) integrity and macular sensitivity after epiretinal membrane (ERM) surgery using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography combined with microperimetry. METHODS: 20 eyes of 20 patients with idiopathic ERM who underwent pars plana vitrectomy for ERM removal were prospectively reviewed. The IS/OS defect diameter, BCVA, macular sensitivity, and fixation stability were measured using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography combined with microperimetry. The correlation of these factors was analyzed. RESULTS: The macular sensitivity improved after successful ERM surgery (p < 0.001), but the IS/OS defect diameter has not improved. The preoperative and postoperative macular sensitivity were negatively correlated with preoperative IS/OS defect diameter (p = 0.035, p = 0.006). The fixation stability was not correlated with preoperative IS/OS defect diameter. CONCLUSIONS: Macular sensitivity showed significant correlation with IS/OS defect diameter. Macular sensitivity is vital functional parameter allows subjective quantification of the retinal function and reflects morphologic changes.
Epiretinal Membrane ; Eye ; Humans ; Prospective Studies ; Retinaldehyde ; Tomography, Optical Coherence ; Vitrectomy

Hypematremia is a rare but important medical condition and is associated with mortality rate of 40 to 70%. However, little has been known about its prognostic factors or treatment guidlines. To evaluate the prognostic factors and the outcome following treatment, we reviewed 22 available medical records among twenty five hypernatremic patients (0.2%) in 12841 admissions at medical ward from January to December 1995. We defined hypernatremia as serum sodium concentration more than or equal to 150 mEq/L. Of these patients, two had hypematrernia at admission and the remaining patients became hypernatremic during admission. Mean peak serum sodium concentration was 158 (150-178) mEq/L and mean total body water deficit was 11.4 (6.7-21.3)%. Factors correlated with the development of hypernatremia were diverse and multiple, and the most frequent factor was diminished access to water. Mortality rate was 59%, but mortality was not correlated with age, correction rate of hyper-natremia, primary route of fluid loss, and the severity of hypernatremia or total body water deficit. Mortality rate was higher in patients whose serum sodium concentrations were below 130 mEq/L at admission (P<0.05). In our study, development of hypernatremia from initial hyponatremic state was significantly associated with poor outcome, and age, rapidity of correction, route of fluid loss, and the severity of hypernatremia or total body water deficit were not.
Body Water ; Humans ; Hypernatremia* ; Medical Records ; Mortality ; Sodium ; Water

This retrospective study was performed to determine the seroprevalence of hepatitis A virus (HAV) in children and adolescents with hematologic malignancies after the completion of chemotherapy and hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Of 97 enrolled patients, 60 (61.9%) were seropositive for HAV. The seroprevalences in patients undergoing chemotherapy and HCT were 60.3% (41/68) and 65.5% (19/29), respectively (P = 0.628). No significant factors associated with seropositivity for HAV after chemotherapy and HCT were identified. Anti-HAV tests and HAV re-vaccinations can be considered in children and adolescents with underlying hematologic malignancies after chemotherapy and HCT based on the anti-HAV results.

Hyperemesis gravidarum is a complication defined as nausea and vomiting during early pregnancy. Atypical hyperemesis syndrome is caused any other problems. Specially, brain tumors is confused hyperemetic symptom in pregnancy. In this case vomiting and mild headache were the only signs. Atypical hyperemesis syndrome is recommand MRI image study for detection of neurologic problem. Following the diagnosis of a brain tumor during pregnancy and management should be tailored to the individual patient. It must be considered to maternal state and fetal maturation. To minimize cerebral herniation in neurologically unstable patient, a consideration should be made for cesarean section delivery with patient under general anesthesia.
Anesthesia, General ; Brain Neoplasms* ; Brain* ; Cesarean Section ; Diagnosis ; Female ; Headache ; Humans ; Hyperemesis Gravidarum ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Nausea ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Trimester, Second* ; Vomiting

OBJECTIVE: Endodermal sinus tumor or yolk sac tumor is an uncommon malignant germ-cell neoplasm. This tumor was originally described as a germ cell tumor of the ovary or the testis. Intracranial endodermal sinus tumor is extremely rare and usually develop in the pineal or suprasellar regions. The authors evaluated the effect of adjuvant therapy(chemotherapy combined with radiotherapy) and radical removal of intracranial endodermal sinus tumors. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Between 1996 and 2001, four patients of intracranial endodermal sinus tumor were diagnosed with tumor marker(AFP) and biopsy. Three patients were treated with surgical removal and chemotherapy with cisplatin(20mg/m2), etoposide(100mg/m2) and bleomycin(15mg/m2) as well as external beam radiation therapy. We compared the management problems for these tumors. RESULT: In all three patients the tumor size and the level of tumor marker decresed during initial adjuvant therapy. However, Tumors showed regrowth with elevated AFP of serum and CSF possibly related to delayed chemotherapeutic treatment or inadequate administration of chemotherapeutic drugs due to severe bone marrow suppression. An additional chemotherapy and external radiation therapy were given, but tumors could not be controlled with leptomeningeal seeding. CONCLUSION: Radiotherapy is considered to be less effective. The combination chemotherapy with PVB(cisplatin, vinblastine, bleomycine) or PE(cisplatin, etoposide) is considered to be value in prolongation of the survival rate. But the role of chemotherapy in this tumor has not yet been clarified due to bone marrow suppression and drug resistance. Further study with large series of this tumor is necessary to establish the optimal management.
Biopsy ; Bone Marrow ; Drug Resistance ; Drug Therapy ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Endoderm* ; Endodermal Sinus Tumor* ; Female ; Humans ; Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal ; Ovary ; Radiotherapy ; Survival Rate ; Testis ; Vinblastine

A patient, who underwent partial masseter muscle resection and mandibular angle reduction at a plastic surgery clinic, visited this hospital with major complaints of trismus and dysesthesia. A secondary angle formation due to a wrong surgical method was observed via clinical and radiological examinations, and the patient complained of trismus due to the postoperative scars and muscular atrophy caused by the masseter muscle resection. The need for a masseter muscle resection in square jaw patients must be approached with caution. In addition, surgical techniques must be carefully selected in order to prevent complications, and obtain effective and satisfactory surgery results.
Cicatrix ; Humans ; Jaw ; Masseter Muscle* ; Methods ; Muscular Atrophy ; Paresthesia ; Surgery, Plastic ; Trismus*

PURPOSE: To analyze the thickness of the circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (cRNFL) and macular ganglion cell complex (mGCC) in apparently normal hemifield areas of glaucomatous eyes with superior or inferior visual hemifield defects according to their severity compared with the same hemifield of normal eyes using Topcon 3D spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). METHODS: The present study included 90 normal eyes and 90 glaucomatous eyes with superior or inferior visual hemifield defects that underwent cRNFL and mGCC imaging using 3D SD-OCT. The cRNFL and mGCC parameters were compared between normal hemifield in glaucomatous eyes and the same hemifield in normal eyes. The mean deviation (MD) parameters (Mild: MD > -6 dB, 54 eyes; Moderate: -6 dB ≥ MD ≥ -12 dB, 60 eyes; Severe: MD < -12 dB, 30 eyes) in glaucomatous eyes were also compared between the 3 severity groups. RESULTS: The average hemifield cRNFL thickness was 93.6 ± 24.2 µm and 118.1 ± 14.1 µm in superior normal hemifield of glaucomatous eyes and controls, respectively, and 107.8 ± 19.1 µm and 124.9 ± 17.1 µm in inferior normal hemifield of glaucomatous eyes and controls, respectively. mGCC thickness was 95.8 ± 5.9 µm and 103.5 ± 7.7 µm in superior normal hemifield of glaucomatous eyes and controls, respectively, and 93.4 ± 8.2 µm and 104.5 ± 8.2 µm in inferior normal hemifield of glaucomatous eyes and controls, respectively (all p < 0.05). The thickness parameters were decreased in normal hemifield of glaucomatous eyes, which significantly decreased according to the severity (MD) of visual field defect (all p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The measurement of cRNFL and mGCC thickness in normal hemifield of glaucomatous eyes using SD-OCT is useful in detecting structural glaucomatous changes before visual field defects appear.
Ganglion Cysts* ; Glaucoma* ; Nerve Fibers ; Retinaldehyde ; Tomography, Optical Coherence ; Visual Fields

PURPOSE: To analyze the thickness of the circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (cRNFL) and macular ganglion cell complex (mGCC) in apparently normal hemifield areas of glaucomatous eyes with superior or inferior visual hemifield defects according to their severity compared with the same hemifield of normal eyes using Topcon 3D spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). METHODS: The present study included 90 normal eyes and 90 glaucomatous eyes with superior or inferior visual hemifield defects that underwent cRNFL and mGCC imaging using 3D SD-OCT. The cRNFL and mGCC parameters were compared between normal hemifield in glaucomatous eyes and the same hemifield in normal eyes. The mean deviation (MD) parameters (Mild: MD > -6 dB, 54 eyes; Moderate: -6 dB ≥ MD ≥ -12 dB, 60 eyes; Severe: MD < -12 dB, 30 eyes) in glaucomatous eyes were also compared between the 3 severity groups. RESULTS: The average hemifield cRNFL thickness was 93.6 ± 24.2 µm and 118.1 ± 14.1 µm in superior normal hemifield of glaucomatous eyes and controls, respectively, and 107.8 ± 19.1 µm and 124.9 ± 17.1 µm in inferior normal hemifield of glaucomatous eyes and controls, respectively. mGCC thickness was 95.8 ± 5.9 µm and 103.5 ± 7.7 µm in superior normal hemifield of glaucomatous eyes and controls, respectively, and 93.4 ± 8.2 µm and 104.5 ± 8.2 µm in inferior normal hemifield of glaucomatous eyes and controls, respectively (all p < 0.05). The thickness parameters were decreased in normal hemifield of glaucomatous eyes, which significantly decreased according to the severity (MD) of visual field defect (all p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The measurement of cRNFL and mGCC thickness in normal hemifield of glaucomatous eyes using SD-OCT is useful in detecting structural glaucomatous changes before visual field defects appear.
Ganglion Cysts* ; Glaucoma* ; Nerve Fibers ; Retinaldehyde ; Tomography, Optical Coherence ; Visual Fields