By the human is getting older, the factors which can the reason of the aging process in the frontal region are divided, static factor and dynamic factor. the static factor is gravity, and the dynamic factor is repeatitive competition of depressosr muscles and elevator muscles. the depressor muscles are corrugator muscle, procerus muscle and orbicularis oculi muscle and the elevator muscle is frontalis muscle. Correction methods of this aging process are divided to non-surgical and surgical method. Non-surgical method are Atecoll and fat injection, and using botulinum toxin. But the effect of these method is temporary and limited, and if the skin laxity is great, this method cannot be used. Surgical methods are laser, chemical peeling, dermabrasion, classical forehead lift which is dissected superficial to galea aponeurosis or subperiosteal plane through coronal or hairline incision, and endoscopy method that the corrugator muscle and procerus muscle are transected by using endoscope, and then the posterior elevation of forehead flap is induced. the endoscopy method is the most popular method in recent years, which has the many advantages of minimal incision, less amount of bleeding and lower complication, but expensive equipment, adaptation and training period are needed. We present the result of 10 patients from May. 1996 to Jan. 1997. After the superior orbital rim exposed through upper eyelid incision, the corrugator muscle was resected while careful attention to the supraorbital n. which was located behind the orbicularis oculi muscle. A communication was made through both sided of medial canthal area, and after the procerus muscle was resected, the fat graft was inserted between them. Finally, we made periosteal incision superiorly, and subperiosteal forehead lift was done without using endoscope.
Aging ; Botulinum Toxins ; Dermabrasion ; Elevators and Escalators ; Endoscopes ; Endoscopy ; Eyelids ; Fibrinogen ; Forehead* ; Gravitation ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Muscles ; Orbit ; Skin ; Transplants

Malignant melanoma is an uncommon tumor in Korea. To the best of our knowledge, we could not find malignant melanoma with multiple myeloma in Korean literature. A 57-year-old male patient had a 4×5 cm sized, irregular bordered, dark brownish plaque on the left sole, which has extended gradually since about 1 year ago and showed an occasional bleeding tendency. Laboratory examinations revealed a low hemoglobin level, rouleaux formation on peripheral blood, monoclonal gammopathy of IgG-kappa type and Bence-Jones proteinuria. Bone marrow aspiration findings showed markedly increased immature plasma cells suggesting multiple myeloma. Histopathologic findings of the skin biopsy from the left sole revealed proliferation of atypical melanocytes. We performed a surgical excision with a skin graft for malignant melanoma and chemotherapy (melphalan, vincristine and prednisolone) for multiple myeloma.
Biopsy ; Bone Marrow ; Drug Therapy ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; Melanocytes ; Melanoma* ; Middle Aged ; Multiple Myeloma* ; Paraproteinemias ; Plasma Cells ; Proteinuria ; Skin ; Transplants ; Vincristine

No abstract available.

OBJECTIVES: Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are the major cause of the common cold. Currently there is no registered, clinically effective, antiviral chemotherapeutic agent to treat diseases caused by HRVs. In this study, the antiviral activity of dexamethasone (DEX) against HRV1B was examined. METHODS: The anti–HRV1B activity of DEX was assessed by sulforhodamine B assay in HeLa cells, and by RT-PCR in the lungs of HRV1B-infected mice. Histological evaluation of HRV1B-infected lungs was performed and a histological score was given. Anti-HRV1B activity of DEX via the glucocorticoid receptor (GCR)-dependent autophagy activation was assessed by blocking with chloroquine diphosphate salt or bafilomycin A1 treatment. RESULTS: In HRV1B-infected HeLa cells, treatment with DEX in a dose-dependent manner, resulted in a cell viability of > 70% indicating that HRV1B viral replication was reduced by DEX treatment. HRV1B infected mice treated with DEX, had evidence of reduced inflammation and a moderate histological score. DEX treatment showed antiviral activity against HRV1B via GCR-dependent autophagy activation. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that DEX treatment showed anti-HRV1B activity via GCR-dependent autophagy activation in HeLa cells and HRV1B infected mice. Further investigation assessing the development of topical formulations may enable the development of improved DEX effectiveness.
Animals ; Autophagy* ; Cell Survival ; Chloroquine ; Common Cold ; Dexamethasone* ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Lung ; Mice ; Receptors, Glucocorticoid ; Rhinovirus*

Female phenotype of a 46,XY male may originates from male pseudohermaphroditism due to 17alpha-hydroxylase deficiency. Lack of cortisol increases adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and mineralocorticoid production, leading to low renin hypertention and hypokalemia. A 41-year-old phenotypic female presented primary amenorrhea and hypertension. In the hormonal profile, the levels of serum estradiol, testosterone, rennin, and cortisol were decreased and ACTH and deoxycorticosterone were increased. Laparoscopic bilateral gonadectomy was performed, and corticosteroid, antihypertensive drugs, and estrogen were administered. We report this case with a brief review of the literatures.
46, XY Disorders of Sex Development* ; Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital ; Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ; Adult ; Amenorrhea ; Antihypertensive Agents ; Chymosin ; Desoxycorticosterone ; Estradiol ; Estrogens ; Female ; Humans ; Hydrocortisone ; Hypertension ; Hypokalemia ; Male* ; Phenotype ; Renin ; Testosterone

OBJECTIVES: The Symmetry, Ordering and Arranging Questionnaire (SOAQ) has been reported as a valid tool for the assessment of symmetry, ordering and arranging compulsive behaviors of patients with obsessive compulsive disorder. It was introduced by Radomsky and Rachman in 2004. The aim of this study was to assess the reliability, validity and psychometric properties of the Korean-version of the SOAQ (K-SOAQ). METHODS: Two hundreds twenty eight under-graduate college students were enrolled in this study. They were assessed with K-SOAQ, Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). Statistical analysis was done using calculation of Cronbach's alpha, Spearman Correlation Coefficient and Principal Components Analysis. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in sex, education, and total scores of BDI and BAI. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient of K-SOAQ was high, Cronbach's alpha=0.96. There was strong evidence for a one-factor solution, accounting for 60.3% of the variance. Convergent validity was examined through correlations between the SOAQ and the OCI-R (r=0.61). Divergent validity was examined through correlations between the SOAQ and two self report measures; BDI (r=0.12) and BAI (r=0.19). CONCLUSION: The K-SOAQ showed good reliability and validity for the assessment of severity of compulsive characteristics regarding symmetry, ordering and arranging. The K-SOAQ is a useful instrument for assessing compulsive symptoms related with symmetry, ordering and arranging in Korea.
Accounting ; Anxiety ; Compulsive Behavior ; Depression ; Humans ; Korea ; Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder ; Psychometrics ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Reproducibility of Results ; Self Report

PURPOSE: It is very important to detect hematogenous spread of cancer cells early in breast cancer patients in order to properly determine the prognosis and adjuvant therapy. In this study, we attempted to detect Cytokeratin-20 (CK-20) as a mRNA marker of cancer cells in peripheral blood and bone marrow using the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). METHODS: We obtained peripheral blood and bone marrow from 41 breast cancer patients who had been treated by Korea University Hospital. Using the RT-PCR method, we detected the CK-20 and compared the positive detection rate and concordance rate between two sources. Furthermore, we analysed the correlation with other known prognostic and predictive factors. RESULTS: The CK-20 detection rate was 36.5% in peripheral blood and in bone marrow. The concordance rate between both sources was 56%. In CK-20 detection, there was no significant correlation seen between peripheral blood and bone marrow (p>0.05). Additionally, there were no statistically significant correlations found between the other predictive factors (ER, PR, p53 protein expression, nm23 protein expression). Six cases who were CK-20 positive and were detected in both (peripheral blood, bone marrow) source showed advanced stage and axillary lymph node metastasis (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The detection of CK-20 in peripheral blood and bone marrow correlated with stage and axillary nodal status. Therefore, this may suggest poor clinical prognosis if CK-20 is detected in both sources in a breast cancer patient. The RT-PCR assay for detection of CK-20 is a very sensitive method, however the standardization and quality control of the RT-PCR method are important and multi-center trials are required.
Bone Marrow* ; Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Humans ; Keratin-20* ; Korea ; Lymph Nodes ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Neoplasm Micrometastasis ; Prognosis ; Quality Control ; RNA, Messenger

Gastric inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) is an extremely rare lesion with mimicking malignant features and accompanied with various clinical manifestations. Here we present a 2-yr-old boy who had a gastric IMT with a huge extragastric mass, which closely resembled a neuroblastoma on imaging studies. He experienced intermittent fever and poor appetite for 6 weeks. Fever remained up to 38degrees C even on the operation day. He underwent partial gastrectomy and distal pancreatectomy with splenectomy including the tumor. The preoperative fever disappeared and did not recur in the postoperative course.
Child, Preschool ; Fever of Unknown Origin/*etiology ; Granuloma, Plasma Cell/*complications/*diagnosis/surgery ; Humans ; Male ; Stomach Diseases/*complications/*diagnosis/surgery

PURPOSE: This study was designed to elucidate the biology of cancer metastasis and differences in the biologic status between primary tumors and metastatic lymph nodes of invasive breast cancer by comparing the well known prognostic factors p53 gene mutation, p53 protein expression and the MIB-1 index. An additional goal was to investigate the p53 mutational pattern of breast cancer patients. METHODS: We used the PCR-SSCP method to detect p53 gene mutation and immunohistochemical staining to establish p53 protein expression and the MIB-1 labelling index in 25 primary tumors and metastatic lymph nodes from breast cancer patients. We then made a comparison the between primary tumors and the metastatic lymph nodes. RESULTS: The results indicated a correlation between histologic grade and p53 gene mutation as well as p53 protein expression, but showed no correlation to MIB-1 labelling index. The concordance rates of p53 gene mutation and p53 protein expression between the primary tumors and metastatic lymph nodes were 72% and 100%, respectively.Three cases showed a different mutated exon number between the primary tumors and the metastatic lymph nodes. Some cases showed p53 gene mutation only in the primary tumors, but while other cases only in the metastatic lymph nodes. The MIB-1 labelling index increased with tumor grade. The p53 altered group show a higher mean MIB-1 index than the non altered group's in both the primary tumors and metastatic lymph nodes. CONCLUSION: p53 gene mutation is not consistent with p53 protein expression and there are some differences in p53 gene mutation between primary tumors and metastatic lymph nodes in breast cancer. Therefore, metastatic tumor have different characteristics from those of primary tumors. In breast cancer, metastasis is regulated not only by an up- regulating mechanism but also by a down-regulating mechanism.
Biology ; Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Exons ; Genes, p53 ; Humans ; Lymph Nodes* ; Neoplasm Metastasis

PURPOSE: This study was designed to elucidate the biology of cancer metastasis and differences in the biologic status between primary tumors and metastatic lymph nodes of invasive breast cancer by comparing the well known prognostic factors p53 gene mutation, p53 protein expression and the MIB-1 index. An additional goal was to investigate the p53 mutational pattern of breast cancer patients. METHODS: We used the PCR-SSCP method to detect p53 gene mutation and immunohistochemical staining to establish p53 protein expression and the MIB-1 labelling index in 25 primary tumors and metastatic lymph nodes from breast cancer patients. We then made a comparison the between primary tumors and the metastatic lymph nodes. RESULTS: The results indicated a correlation between histologic grade and p53 gene mutation as well as p53 protein expression, but showed no correlation to MIB-1 labelling index. The concordance rates of p53 gene mutation and p53 protein expression between the primary tumors and metastatic lymph nodes were 72% and 100%, respectively.Three cases showed a different mutated exon number between the primary tumors and the metastatic lymph nodes. Some cases showed p53 gene mutation only in the primary tumors, but while other cases only in the metastatic lymph nodes. The MIB-1 labelling index increased with tumor grade. The p53 altered group show a higher mean MIB-1 index than the non altered group's in both the primary tumors and metastatic lymph nodes. CONCLUSION: p53 gene mutation is not consistent with p53 protein expression and there are some differences in p53 gene mutation between primary tumors and metastatic lymph nodes in breast cancer. Therefore, metastatic tumor have different characteristics from those of primary tumors. In breast cancer, metastasis is regulated not only by an up- regulating mechanism but also by a down-regulating mechanism.
Biology ; Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Exons ; Genes, p53 ; Humans ; Lymph Nodes* ; Neoplasm Metastasis