BACKGROUND: Primary hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) is the second cause of cancer death in our country. Hepatitis B virus(HBV) and hepatitis C virus(HCV) are important risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma. The mechanism of HCC development and the epidemiology in HCV infected individuals are still unclear. In this study, we investigated the epidemiolgical and clinical features of HCC in relation to viral infection. METHODS: We reviewed the medical records of 160 HCC patients retrspectively who had been admitted to one University Hospital located in Seoul between January 1991 and December 1995. Among these patients, 113 patients were positive for HBsAg(B group), 24 for anti-HCV(C group). We compared epidemiological and clinical data between B group and C guoup. RESULTS: Anti-HCV positivity was significantly higher in HBsAg negative patients than in HBsAg positive patients(53.3:1.7%, p<0.01). The mean age of patients in B group was significantly lower than that in C group(52:62yr, p<0.01). In C group, the proportion of Child-Pugh class B and C was significantly larger than that of B group(35.4: 75.0%, p<0.01). In C group, the proportion of transfusion history was significantly larger than that in B group(4.4: 16.7%, p<0.05), and the proportion of drug abuse hestory was significantly larger than that in B group (31.0:62.5%, p<0.01). In C group, the albumin, cholesterol, Gamma-glutamyl transferase leves were significantly lower than those in B group. In B group, the proportion of metastasis was significantly larger than that in C group(31.9:4.2%, p<0.01). Alpha fetoprotein levels greater than 400ng/ml are much more prevalent in group B significantly(67:39.1%, p<0.05). No significant differences in cumulative survival rate(1yr, 2yr) and median survival time were observed between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: We ascertain that the HBV and HCV are inportant factors in HCC. In epidemiology and clinical features of HCC, there were some difference between the HBsAg and anti HCV positive group. Therefore, on primary health care settings, it is necessary to test for hepatitis C as well as hepatitis B in order to prevent and manage HCC and chronic liver desease.
alpha-Fetoproteins ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular* ; Cholesterol ; Epidemiology* ; Hepatitis B ; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens* ; Hepatitis C ; Humans ; Liver ; Medical Records ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Primary Health Care ; Risk Factors ; Seoul ; Substance-Related Disorders ; Transferases

Colles' fracture is a common injury encountered in emergency departments. Despite the frequent experience of every orthopedic surgeon with Colles' fracture, considerable variation remains in the treatment of fracture of the distal radius. Everyone nearly agress that reduction of the fracture is not difficult, but maintenance of reduction is the problem. Eighty patients with Colles' fracture were treated with closed reduction and percutaneous pinning under the C-arm fields and followed up more than 1 year, from January 1990 to May 1993 at the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Dae Han Hospital. The results of this study were as follows: 1. The fractures were classified according to the system of Gartland and Werley. Of the 80 cases, 12(5%) were type 1; 25(31%) type 2; and 43(54%) type 3. 2. Complications were such as; temporary neuropathy of median nerve 2 cases, redisplacement 2 cases, radiocarpal arthritis 1 cases, stiff hand 1 case and shoulder hand syndrome 1 case. 3. The overall assessment showed exellent in 29 patients(36.2%), good in 44 patients(55,0%) and poor in 7 patients(8.8%) under the subjective and objective criteria of Gartland and Werley and the objective criteia of Scheck. 4. The results were mainly correlated with maintenance of an anatomical reduction. 5. The percutaneous pinning was suitable for anatomical restoration and maintence, had less com plication and more advantage such as the early range of joint and simple technique. Conclusively, it was considered to be one of ideal method for the treatment of Colles' fracture in selected cases.
Arthritis ; Colles' Fracture ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; Hand ; Humans ; Joints ; Median Nerve ; Methods ; Orthopedics ; Osteotomy ; Radius ; Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy

Purpose: This study explored the association between workplace discrimination and violence and depressive symptoms among Korean employees. Methods: Data were obtained from the 4th Korean Working Condition Survey of 2014, which included 21,902 Korean employees. Depressive symptoms were measured using the WHO-5 Well-Being Index questionnaire scales. Results: A statistically significant relationship between workplace discrimination and workplace violence was found, and these two variables were also associated with depressive symptoms. After adjusting for variables such as sociodemographic characteristics, physical risk, and psychosocial working environment, workplace discrimination (OR=1.22, p<.001) and workplace violence (OR=1.69, p<.001) were both significantly associated with depressive symptoms. Conclusion This study indicates that to promote employees’ psychological health, systems and programs to prevent workplace discrimination and violence are needed. Development of these systems and programs should consider employees’ experiences of workplace discrimination and workplace violence, sociodemographic characteristics, physical risk, and psychosocial working environments.

Purpose: This study aimed to identify differences in physical working environments, psychosocial working environments, and health outcomes according to the employment type of delivery workers. Methods: This study was a secondary analysis of data collected from the Fifth Korean Working Conditions Survey (KWCS). Participants were 84 Korean delivery workers. Data were analyzed using the SAS 9.4 Version, x 2 test and Fisher’s exact test. Results: Statistically significant differences were found according to the employment type of delivery workers (special types, wage) including “noise”, “vibrations”, “repetitive movements”, “supervisor support”, “colleague support”, “manuals on emotional expression”, “existence of trade union, works council or similar body”. Conclusion This study suggests the necessity of improving the working environment and health outcomes of delivery workers belonging to special employment types. In developing these, the laws and systems must be reorganized to enable the recognition of delivery workers as wage workers. In addition, delivery companies should be held responsible for managing delivery workers.

No abstract available.
Epinephrine* ; Heart Arrest*

Kindling, induced by repeated subconvulsive electrical or chemical stimulations, leads to progressive and permanent amplification of seizure activity, resulting in permanent brain changes. It is a good animal model of epilepsy and neural plasticity. C-fos has been proposed as the gene responsible for turning on molecular events for these permanent brain changes underlying epilepsy and neural plasticity. But the role of c-fos in the development of kindling is controversial. This study was undertaken to investigate the role of c-fos mRNA in the plastic changes underlying kindling. Among 66 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats, 29 rats were kindled by repeated administrations of subconvulsive doses (IS-25 mg/kg) of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ), 25 rats experienced convulsions induced by a single injection of convulsive dose(30-60 mg/kg) of PTZ, and 12 rats experienced convulsions by a single electroconvulsive shock (ECS), Twelve control rats received normal saline only. Animals were sacrificed at various seizure stages. C-fos mRNA levels in the hippocampus were quantified using slot-blot hybridization analysis. In the experiment of PTZ kindling, c-fos mRNA expression 30 min after convulsion was elevated about 2-4 times at stage 1, 2 and 5, but wasn't increased at stage 3 and 4, compared with controls. C-fos mRNA expression 60 min after convulsion was elevated about 2 times at stage 1 and 5, but wasn't increased at stage 2, 3 and 4. In the experiment of PTZ-induced seizures, c-fos mRNA expression 30 min after convulsion was elevated 2.5, 2.2 and 6 times stage 1-2, 3-4, and 5, respectively. C-fos mRNA expression 60 min after convulsion was elevated 3.6 times at stage 3-4, but wasn't increased at stage 2 and 5. In the experiment of ECB-induced seizures, c-fos mRNA expression 1 min after mild convulsion was elevated 3,3 times, but wasn't increased generalized tonic-clonic seizure. C-fos mRNA expression 60 min after convulsion wasn't increased at any stage of convulsion. These results show that c-fos mRNA levels have no meaningful relationship with the stages of PTZ kindling, and PTZ or ECS-induced seizures, and that c-fos mRNA does not seem to play the crucial role in turning on a molecular program underlying kindling.
Adult ; Animals ; Brain ; Electroshock ; Epilepsy ; Hippocampus* ; Humans ; Male ; Models, Animal ; Pentylenetetrazole* ; Plastics ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; RNA, Messenger* ; Seizures ; Stimulation, Chemical

There are many different type of congenital toe anomalies such as syndactyly, polydactyly which are more common, and less frequently macrodactyly and curly toe. Congenital anomaly of hand can decrease the hand function and easy to be visualized, so the early treatment of anomaly is natural and recommended. On the other hand, Congenital anomaly of foot rarely decrease the foot function and was hidden in the shoe, so treatment of anomaly was delayed frequently. However, the surgery can be needed, as the foot getting grown-up, discomfort of shoe fitting or intractable plantar keratosis due to secondary deformation of foot can occur. A distinct feature and surgical consideration was compared with congenital anomaly of hand and it should be taken into account in the treatment of adult toe anomalies.
Adult ; Fingers ; Foot ; Hand ; Humans ; Keratosis ; Limb Deformities, Congenital ; Polydactyly ; Shoes ; Syndactyly ; Toes

PURPOSE: For inserting an acetabular cup with the correct inclination angle, we checked the pelvic tilts using the lateral decubitus position X-ray and a goniometer and pointer. The accuracy of the cup inclination at the targeted angles was evaluated after insertion of the cup at an adjusted angle with using a goniometer and pointer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between January 2008 and December 2009, 56 hips in 50 patients who underwent total hip replacement arthroplasty (THRA) were enrolled. The mean age at the time of surgery was 63.8 years. There were 31 male patients (36 hips) and 19 female patients (20 hips). The preoperative diagnoses included osteonecrosis of the femoral head in 27 hips, secondary osteoarthritis in 10 hips and femoral neck fracture in 14 hips. The preoperative pelvic tilts were evaluated according to the lateral decubitus position X-ray with using a goniometer and pointer. The target inclination angle was 40degrees for 27 hips that underwent ceramic-on-ceramic THRA. The target inclination angle was 45degrees for the 29 hips that underwent ceramic-on-polyethylene THRA. The inclination of the cup was evaluated after inserting the acetabular cup at the adjusted angle using a goniometer and pointer. RESULTS: The mean inclination angle of the acetabular cup was 39.3degrees for the ceramic-on-ceramic THRA and 44.4degrees for the ceramic-on-polyethylene THRA. There were no significant differences between the 40degrees and 45degrees (P=0.059, P=0.071). CONCLUSION: The pelvic tilt can be evaluated by checking the lateral decubitus X-ray with a goniometer and pointer. Insertion of an acetabular cup at the adjusted angle could be a credible method for reducing the variability of cup inclination.
Arthroplasty ; Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip ; Female ; Femoral Neck Fractures ; Head ; Hip ; Humans ; Male ; Osteoarthritis ; Osteonecrosis ; Tacrine

Kimura's disease is an uncommon, chronic inflammatory disorder of unknown etiology that is seen in an endemic form in the Orient. It usually presents as a mass in the subcutaneous tissue of the head and neck region or the major salivary glands, and is often associated with a regional lymphadenopathy. The patients have peripheral blood eosinophilia and elevated IgE levels but are otherwise usually healthy. We encountered the case of a 33-year-old man who had a soft tissue mass in his left distal arm which was diagnosed as being Kimura's disease.
Adult ; Arm* ; Eosinophilia ; Head ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin E ; Lymphatic Diseases ; Neck ; Salivary Glands ; Subcutaneous Tissue

Among the 85 cases of prosthetic replacement of femoral neck fracture which had been operated at Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Korea Veterans Hospital from January, 1982 to May, 1990, 32 cases (15 unipolar hemiarthroplasty and 17 bipolar hemiarthroplasty) were examined clinically and radiologically at an average 7.7 years postoperatively. And the results were as follows; 1. The group I (Unipolar hip hemiarthroplasty without cement) had Harris hip score - average 79.4. The group II (Unipolar hip hemiarthroplasty with cement) had Harris hip score average 87.3. The group III (Bipolar hip hemiarthroplasty without cement) had Harris hip score average 80.5. The group IV (Bipolar hip hemiarthroplasty with cement) had Harris hip score average 86. 2. There were 2 cases of stem loosening (13%) among 15 cases in unipolar hip hemiarthroplasty and 1 case (6%) among 17 cases in bipolar hip hemiarthroplasty. 3. The movement of two components in bipolar hip hemiarthroplasty was noted in all cases and the movement of the outer bearing joint was more active than that of the inner. And the movement of the two components was not correlated with the use of cement. But Harris hip score was superior cement stem group to noncement stem group. 4. Unipolar hip hemiarthroplasty showed the similar clinical and radiological results with bipolar hip hemiarthroplasty of femoral neck fracture in the elderly. As a result, unipolar and bipolar hip hemiarthroplasty were considered the proper treatment method of the femoral neck fracture in the elderly.
Aged ; Femoral Neck Fractures ; Femur Neck* ; Hemiarthroplasty* ; Hip* ; Hospitals, Veterans ; Humans ; Joints ; Korea