Anthrax toxin consists of three separate proteins, protective antigen (PA), edema factor (EF), and lethal factor (LF). PA binds to the receptor on mammalian cells and facilitates translocation of EF or LF into its cytosol. PA is the primary component of anthrax vaccines. In this study we purified PA from culture filtrates of Bacillus anthracis. The purification involved sequential chromatography through hydroxylapatite, DEAE-Sepharose CL-4B, followed by Mono-Q. The purified PA was judged to be homogeneous on SDS-PAGE, and consisted of a single polypeptide chain with a relative molecular weight of 85,000.
Anthrax ; Anthrax Vaccines ; Bacillus anthracis* ; Bacillus* ; Chromatography ; Cytosol ; Durapatite ; Edema ; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel ; Molecular Weight

PURPOSE: We reviewed the effects of resistance training on obesity index, lipid index, blood pressure, pulse rate, and bone mineral densitometer in middle-aged women. METHODS: Randomized, controlled trials lasting 12 weeks investigating the effects of resistance training obesity index, lipid index, blood pressure, and bone densitometer in middle-aged women and published in a peer-reviewed journal up to March 2018 were included. Random- and fixed-effects models were used for analyses, with data reported as weighted means and 95% confidence limits. RESULTS: We included 8 randomized, controlled trials, involving 18 study groups and 335 participants. Overall, resistance training induced a significant low-density lipoprotein reduction [−13.44 (95% CI=−26.71~−0.18)]. No significant effect was observed on other blood lipids, obesity index, blood pressure, pulse rate, and bone mineral density. When study groups were divided according to the period of training, resistance training groups for 24 weeks resulted in a significant decrease in systolic blood pressure [−6.19 (95% CI=−10.95~−1.43 mm Hg)]. CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis supports the potential of resistance training to reduce the level of low-density lipoprotein in middle-aged women. Based on these results, we suggest the application of comprehensive management strategies such as aerobic exercise, resistance exercise, behavior control, and dietary management to prevent obesity in middle-aged women.
Behavior Control ; Blood Pressure ; Bone Density ; Exercise ; Female ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Lipoproteins ; Miners ; Obesity ; Resistance Training

Purpose: This study aimed to analyze the profiles and mechanisms of injuries using online injury surveillance system (OISS) with match video files at 2017 World Taekowndo Championship (WTC) athletes. Methods: This study design was a prospective epidemiological study with video analysis. All injuries were recorded during the 2017 WTC using the OISS developed by the International Olympic Committee. A total of 971 athletes who participated in the 2017 WTC were enrolled. Each injury was recorded retrospectively by three cameras surrounding each court. Injury profiles and mechanisms were calculated as; percent injury rate, injury rate/100 athlete-exposures, injury location, type, and mechanism via the injury surveillance system and video analysis form. Results: There were 74 injuries, which corresponded to an overall incidence of 13.5 injuries (95% confidence interval, 11.2–15.8) per 100 athletes. The face (27.0%), hand/finger (23.0%), knee (14.9%), and ankle (10.8%) were most frequently injured parts. Contusions (37.8%), fracture and ligament sprains (20.3%) were the most frequently injury types. The main mechanism for contact injury is while attacking with the roundhouse kick (66.2%), or not used block (81.1%). There were also noncontact injuries (24.3%). Conclusion The incidence of injuries to the face, hand/fingers, knee, and ankle was relatively high. To prevent contact injuries, protective headgear and better shin guards and hand protectors need to be developed. As for the noncontact injuries, we recommend hamstring strengthening exercises, and neuromuscular training to strengthen the tendons and ligaments protecting the ankle and knee joints.

No abstract available.
Neurofibroma, Plexiform* ; Urinary Bladder*

BACKGROUND: Advanced age alone should not be a serious deterrent to surgery. Preoperative evaluation of concomitant illness, operation time, accurate and minimal, but adequate surgery will serve to minimize morbidity and mortality in elderly patients. METHODS: The total number of surgical patients admitted to Kwang Hye Hospital, Pusan, from March 1994 to August 1996 was 3211, and the number of surgical geriatric patients admitted during the same period was 214. Operations were performed on 139 patients. We recorded information about age, sex, anesthesia type, operation time, non malignancy vs malignancy, emergency vs elective "Surgery", coexisting disease, and APACHE II score, and we examined the patients for results affecting postoperative morbidity and mortality. RESULTS: Postoperative complications occured in 55 cases (39.6%), and the operative mortality was 2.2%. The significant factors affecting postoperative morbidity were emergency operation, malignancy and APACHE II score. The operation time and coexisting diseases were not significant. Age had little effect on the postoperative prognosis CONCLUSIONS: Performance of elective surgery and preoperative evaluation of the APACHE II score are important factors.
Aged ; Anesthesia ; APACHE ; Busan ; Emergencies ; Humans ; Mortality ; Postoperative Complications ; Prognosis