To evaluate the morphogenesis of the human thyroid, a histologic study was made based on 100 normal thyroids of human embryos and fetuses ranging in age from 4 to 42 weeks of gestation. The embryos were serially sectioned and fetuses were examinated as an individual organ. 1) The first sign of thyroid primordium was the spherical proliferation of median ventral pharyngeal wall at the 4th week of development. 2) At the 6th week of gestation, the thyroid differentiated into two lobes that were connected by an isthmus, and was on the way of migration to the definite position from the foramen cecum. 3) The developing thyroid consisted of two cell cords, solid nests or interconnecting complex pattern until 14th week of gestation, when the entire portion of thyroid was replaced by follicles of variable size. 4) At the 9th week, the first follicle was recognizable at the periphery of the gland. 5) At the 14th week, follicles were partly filled with faintly eosinophilic colloid. 6) After the 18th week of gestation, lobulation of the thyroid parenchyme was a prominent feature. 7) After the 24th week, large follicles with rich colloid content are distributed through both superificial and deep portions. And after the 34th week, maturation reached the general pattern of adult thyroid. 8) The ability of thyroglobulin synthesis which was confirmed by PAP method, was first recognized at the 10th week of gestation.
Adult ; Male ; Female ; Humans

Treatment of male urinary incontinence is one of the most distressing problem in the urologic practice. Recent advances in implantable devices have improved the outlook for patients with incontinence, but the prosthetic surgery has mechanical problems to be solved, and does not maintain physiologic normality. Recently, we treated a case of postprostatectomy incontinence, and obtained a good result with surgical intercavernous embedding of the bulboperineal urethra.
Humans ; Male ; Urethra* ; Urinary Incontinence

Syphilitic granulomatous pancreatitis is an extremely rare condition,and can occur in the generalized acquired syphilitic patient in tertiary or secondary phase. The most serious problem with granulomatous pancreatic lesion is clinical or radiological misdiagnosis as cancer. We experienced a case of syphilitic granulomatous pancreatitis arising in 54 year old female patient. She was treated for syphilis 20years ago. But she and her husband are still strong positive to VDRL and TPHA. On abdominal computed tomography and endoscopic pancreatico- duodenography, there was an obstructive mass of low density in the distal common bile duct or pancreatic head. Under the preoperative diagnosis of pancreatic head carcinoma, Whipple's operation was done. On gross examination, the pancreas was fibrotic, and the common bile duct was well preserved without tumor mass. Microscopically, numerous intralobular noncaseating epithelioid cell granulomas with multinucleated giant cells are identified. They surround thick-walled, small to medium sized arteries and involve vascular wall with luminal narrowing or obliteration, which are characteristic findings of the syphilitic granuloma. The remaining parenchyme shows fibrosis, acinar atrophy or destruction with dense infiltration of lymphohistiocytes, plasma cells with granuloma formation. Although the Warthin-Starry stain reveals no spirochetes, the serologic result and pathologic findings are compatible with syphilitic granulomatous pancreatitis.
Female ; Humans

No abstract available.
Bone Marrow*

No abstract available.
Mucocele*

BACKGROUND: Interferon gamma (IFN-gamma)-inducible protein 10 (IP-10) and monokine induced by IFN-gamma(Mig) are members of CXC-chemokine family, that are produced from macrophage/monocyte activated by IFN-gamma. These chemokines especially recruit activated T cell into inflammatory site. Here, we studied effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), interleukin (IL)-12/IL-2 or IFN-gammaon induction of MIG and IP-10 in mouse brain. METHODS: In order to evaluate Mig and IP-10 gene expression in brain, we injected LPS, IFN-gammaor IL-12/IL-2 into mice intraperitoneally, and measured chemokine message in brain by RT-PCR. RESULTS: In vivo injection of LPS induced Mig and IP-10 gene expression in brain of normal mice and IFN-gammaknockout mouse, however, in vivo injection of IL-12/IL-2 induced Mig and IP-10 gene expression in only the brain of normal mice. IFN-gammainduced chemokine expression in cultured brain cells, but anti-inflammatory drugs did not block IFN-gammaeffects. CONCLUSIONS: Immune stimulating agents, LPS or IL-12/IL-2 or IFN-gamma, can induce T cell chemokine gene expression in brain cells, and these chemokines may play a role in T cell infiltration in various brain diseases. (J Korean Neurol Assoc 19(2):155~162, 2001)
Animals ; Brain Diseases ; Brain* ; Chemokines ; Gene Expression ; Humans ; Interferons* ; Interleukin-12 ; Interleukin-2 ; Interleukins* ; Mice*

BACKGROUND: Interferon gamma (IFN-gamma)-inducible protein 10 (IP-10) and monokine induced by IFN-gamma(Mig) are members of CXC-chemokine family, that are produced from macrophage/monocyte activated by IFN-gamma. These chemokines especially recruit activated T cell into inflammatory site. Here, we studied effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), interleukin (IL)-12/IL-2 or IFN-gammaon induction of MIG and IP-10 in mouse brain. METHODS: In order to evaluate Mig and IP-10 gene expression in brain, we injected LPS, IFN-gammaor IL-12/IL-2 into mice intraperitoneally, and measured chemokine message in brain by RT-PCR. RESULTS: In vivo injection of LPS induced Mig and IP-10 gene expression in brain of normal mice and IFN-gammaknockout mouse, however, in vivo injection of IL-12/IL-2 induced Mig and IP-10 gene expression in only the brain of normal mice. IFN-gammainduced chemokine expression in cultured brain cells, but anti-inflammatory drugs did not block IFN-gammaeffects. CONCLUSIONS: Immune stimulating agents, LPS or IL-12/IL-2 or IFN-gamma, can induce T cell chemokine gene expression in brain cells, and these chemokines may play a role in T cell infiltration in various brain diseases. (J Korean Neurol Assoc 19(2):155~162, 2001)
Animals ; Brain Diseases ; Brain* ; Chemokines ; Gene Expression ; Humans ; Interferons* ; Interleukin-12 ; Interleukin-2 ; Interleukins* ; Mice*

PURPOSE: We tried to evaluate the clinical characteristics, the treatment methods, the results of treatments, and the patterns of failure in ovarian dysgerminoma retrospectively. According to the results we would like to suggest the proper management guideline of stage la ovarian dysgerminoma patients who want to maintain fertility. METHODS AND MATERIALS : Between 1975 and 1990, 34 patients with ovarian dysgerminoma were treated at the Yonsei University Hospital. The case records of these patients have been reviewed for presenting symptoms, treatment methods, local control, and survival following treatment. Excluded from analysis were five patients with mixed ovarian germ cell tumors and gonadoblastomas (46,XY). Treatment results of the twenty nine patients were analysed by each treatment modality. Twenty one patients were treated with surgery and postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy(group 1). The other eight patients were treated with operation alone (group 2). The median age of twenty-nine patients was 23 years with a range of 8 to 39 years. Presenting symptoms were abdominal mass(20), pelvic discomfort or pain(5) et al. Radiotherapy was performed by 10MV LINAC or Co-60 teletherapy unit. The total radiation dose of the whole abdomen was 20-25 Gy/3weeks, 1-1.5 Gy/fraction with a boost to the whole pelvis 10-15 Gy / 1-2 weeks1.8-2.0 Gy/fraction. Advanced stage disease (stage II or stage III) patients received prophylactic mediastinal and supraclavicular irradiation to a dose of 16-26 Gy. Median duration of follow-up of living patients was 80 months (range : 13-201 months) RESULTS: All of the twenty one patients of group 1 were alive without disease (100%). Among the eight patients who were not treated with radiotherapy (group 2), six patients developed local recurrence. Four patients referred with recurrent disease were treated with salvage radiotherapy. Three of four patients were salvaged and one patient who had recurrent intra-abdominal disease died of progressed carcinomatosis at 11 months after salvage radiotherapy. The other two patients with recurrence were salvaged with chemotherapy (1 patient) or re-operation (1 patient). Twenty eight patients remained alive without disease at last follow up, so the 5 year local control rate and 5 year overall survival rate for all groups were 96.6% (28/29), respectively. Among thirteen patients with stage la unilateral tumors seven patients were treated with postoperative radiotherapy and the other six patients were treated with unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy alone. Five patients who did not received radiotherapy developed local failure but all of the recurrent ovarian dysgerminomas were salvaged with radiotherapy, chemotherapy or re-operation, So all the 13 patients with stage la ovarian dysgerminoma were free of disease from 20-201 months (median 80 months). CONCLUSION: The authors consider external irradiation to be an effective treatment as a complement to surgery in ovarian dysgerminoma. For those patients with disease presenting in stage la tumors who wish to maintain fertility, unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy alone may be curative and spare ovarian function considering excellent salvage rate of recurrent ovarian dysgerminoma in present study.
Abdomen ; Carcinoma ; Complement System Proteins ; Drug Therapy ; Dysgerminoma ; Fertility ; Follow-Up Studies ; Gonadoblastoma ; Humans ; Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal ; Pelvis ; Radiotherapy ; Recurrence ; Retrospective Studies ; Survival Rate

PURPOSE: The purpose was to investigate the spontaneous apoptotic index (SAI) and p53 protein expression and to identify the role of SAI and p53 protein positivity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty six patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix, FIGO stage IIB, treated with curative radiotherapy alone between 1990 and 1993 were included in this study. Definitive radiotherapy including external beam and high-dose-rate brachytherapy was given. Pretreatment paraffin-embedded biopsy specimens of those patients were scored for apoptosis and p53 protein expression using mouse mondegrees Clonal antibody (DO-7) by immuno staining. Clinicopathologic characteristics were also studied in relation to SAI and p53 protein expression, and as prognostic factors for clinical outcome. RESULTS: SAI and p53 were not related to any clinical characteristics. The range of the SAI was 0.2~4.7% (median 1.1%, mean 1.5%). The rate of p53 protein expression was 65.2% (30/46). Patients whose tumors had high SAI and low p53 protein positivity had better treatment outcome than those with lower SAI. There was also a significant correlation between the SAI and p53 protein expression. CONCLUSION: The pretreatment SAI and p53 oncoprotein expression are clinically useful in predicting the clinical outcome of FIGO stage IIB squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix patients treated with definitive radiotherapy.
Animals ; Apoptosis* ; Biopsy ; Brachytherapy ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell* ; Cervix Uteri* ; Female ; Humans ; Mice ; Radiotherapy* ; Treatment Outcome ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms

PURPOSE: To evaluate the role of MR in the diagnosis of borderline epithelial tumors of the ovary comparedwith that of benign and malignant tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: MR images of 42 ovarian epithelial tumors in 39patients were retrospectively analyzed, focusing on the morphologic characters distinguishing borderlineepithelial tumors from benign and malignant tumors. All images were obtained using a 1.5T imager 3-27 (mean, 12)days before surgery. The size, shape, internal signal intensity, wall and septal thickness, papillary nodule,solid component, and contrast enhancement of the tumor were evaluated. RESULTS: Histopathologic diagnoses were 16serous epithelial tumors [benign (SB) 3, borderline malignancy (SBM) 5, malignancy (SM) 8]; 24 mucinous epithelialtumors [benign (MB) 11, borderline malignancy (MBM) 9, malignant (MM) 4]; one endometrial carcinoma (EC), and oneclear cell carcinoma (CC). Mucinous epithelial tumors were multilocular in 23 of 24 tumors, while signal intensityof the locules varied in 22 of 24. Six of 16 serous epithelial tumors were unilocular, and 15 of 16 were ofhomogeneous signal intensity. Papillary projection was seen in 14 tumors (SB 1/3, SBM 5/5, SM 3/8, MB 2/11, MBM2/9, CC 1/1), but multiple (>10) projections were seen in SBM (5/5) and CC (1/1). Multiple irregular thick septawere found in 18 tumors (SM 3/8, MB 2/11, MBM 9/9, MM 4/4), while solid components were seen in ten (SM 6/8, MB1/11, MM 2/4, EC 1/1). CONCLUSION: Multiple (>10) papillary projections and multiple irregular thick septa withoutremarkable solid components are suggestive MR findings of ovarian SBM and MBM, respectively.
Diagnosis ; Endometrial Neoplasms ; Female ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Mucins ; Ovary ; Retrospective Studies