BACKGROUND: Dopamine is an inotropic agent that is often selected for continuous infusion. For hemodynamic stability, the rate of infusion is controlled in the range of 5-15 µg/kg/min. This study aimed to compare the time intervals from the administration of dopamine to the onset of its hemodynamic effects when dopamine was administered through three different peripheral veins (the cephalic vein [CV], the great saphenous vein [GSV], and the external jugular vein [EJV]). METHODS: Patients in group 1, group 2, and group 3 received dopamine infusions in the CV, GSV, and EJV, respectively. A noninvasive continuous cardiac output monitor (NICCOMO™, Medis, Ilmenau, Germany) was used to assess cardiac output (CO) and systemic vascular resistance (SVR). Six minutes after intubation, baseline heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (BP), diastolic BP, mean arterial pressure (MAP), CO, and SVR values were recorded and dopamine infusion was initiated at a dose of 10 µg/kg/min. Hemodynamic changes at 0, 4, 8, 12, and 15 minutes postinfusion were recorded. RESULTS: No statistically significant differences were observed among the three groups with respect to the rate of hemodynamic change. In all groups, systolic BP, diastolic BP, MAP, and SVR tended to increase after decreasing for the first 4 minutes; in contrast, HR and CO decreased until 8 minutes, after which they tended to reach a plateau. CONCLUSIONS: For patients under general anesthesia receiving dopamine at 10 µg/kg/min, there were no clinical differences in the effect of dopamine administered through three different peripheral veins.
Anesthesia, General ; Arterial Pressure ; Blood Pressure ; Cardiac Output ; Dopamine* ; Heart Rate ; Hemodynamics* ; Humans ; Intubation ; Jugular Veins ; Saphenous Vein ; Vascular Resistance ; Veins*

Diaper dermatitis is an infant dermatosis associated with the wearing of diapers, Despite of its high frequency in clinical pediatrics the clinical characteristics are not well described in the korean literatvre. We investigated the clinical and mycological characteritics of diaper dermatitis in 50 serial patients. Clinically diaper dermatitis was classified. into five categories,irritant contact derniatitis(ID), candidiasis(CD). combined rash of ID and CD(CR.), intertrigo, and miliari. Of 50 patients with diaper dermatitis, 18 had ID; 16, CI3; 10, CR; 5, intertrigo, and 1, miliaria, The mean age of patients with ID (11.8 months) was higher than that of patients with CD (4.0 months). Candida albicans(C. albicans) w is isolated from 25 patients with diaper dermatitis. The rate of positive cultures by clinical diagnosis was 130% in CD, 11.1% in ID, 60, 0% in CR, and 20.0% in intertrigo. C. albicons was isolated from 23 patients(82.1%) of patients with clinically suspected Ci") and 2 of 22 patients without the characteristic erythematous papulesThe presence of eryhematous papules was the most characteristic clinical feature of infection, Other candida species isolated from cut,aneous lesions were C. tropicalsis, C.'. parapsiolosis, and C. stellatoidea.
Candida ; Candidiasis ; Dermatitis* ; Diagnosis ; Exanthema ; Humans ; Infant ; Intertrigo ; Miliaria ; Pediatrics ; Skin Diseases

No abstract available.

Taurodontism is an anomaly characterized by a long and broad pulpal cavity and consumed apical location of the furcation area. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of taurodontism in deciduous molars based on digital panoramic radiographs of children. The study was performed on a sample of panoramic radiographs taken from 2,473 Korean children who visited the department of pediatric dentistry, Yonsei University Dental Hospital between Nov. 2005 and Mar. 2018. Taurodontism was mainly categorized by Daito’s method. Using panoramic radiographs, taurodontism was also categorized into mesotaurodontism, hypotaurodontism, and hypertaurodontism. Mesotaurodontism was the most prevalent type. A total of 2,473 panoramic radiographs were evaluated. The prevalence of taurodontism was 5.7% in general, 51.5% in the left quadrant, 48.5% in the right quadrant, 6.3% in the maxilla, and 93.7% in the mandible. The distribution of taurodontism stratified by gender showed a higher prevalence in males. This is a comprehensive study on the prevalence of taurodontism in children using the largest sample size to date.

BACKGROUND: Determination of left ventricular(LV) myocardial mass with echocardioraphy is feasible and validated. American society of echocardiography(ASE) issued recommendations for the quantitation of the left ventricle by M-mode and 2-dimensional echocardiography in 1978 and 1989, respectively. Although some controversies exist regarding the relative accuracy of M-mode and 2-dimensional techniques, many workers now agree that 2-dimensional methods are more accurate and can be applied to a higher percentage of patients. But sometimes the validated methods are not optimal when parasternal short axis view is difficult to obtain, when the ventricle is distorted, or when scar tissue constitutes a portion of the myocardial volume. METHODS: We measured left ventricular mass in 72 normal subjects using three different methods-ASE cube method with correction in M-mode(method A), area-length method from parasternal short axis view and apical four chamber view(method B), and the method using Simpson's rule from apical four chamber view(method C). RESULTS: 1) LV mass(index) was 161.8+/-30.3g(98.7+/-15.6g/m2) by method A, 166.2+/-32.8g(101.2+/-16.5g/m2) by method B, and 161.2+/-31.8g(98.2+/-15.5g/m2) by method C. 2) LV mass or index by method B was significantly different from that by method A(p<0.001) and from that by method C(p<0.001). However there was no significant difference in LV mass or index between by method A and C(p>0.05). 3) There was a strong correlation between LV mass or index by the method A and B(r=0.873, p<0.001), by the method B and C(r=0.923, p<0.001), and by the A and C(r=0.945, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: It is suggested that the method using Simpson's rule can reliably assess LV mass, although it results in smaller value that that by area-length method.
Axis, Cervical Vertebra ; Cicatrix ; Echocardiography* ; Heart Ventricles ; Humans

BACKGROUND: The growing number of spinal cord injured individuals facing old age makes the understanding of age related limitations increasingly important. This study was to investigate the age-related differences in rehabilitation outcome according to the level of cervical spinal cord injury and each category of activity of daily living(ADL). METHODS: Subjects were 79 adults with tetraplegia all of whom were admitted in National Rehabilitation Hospital. The level of injury was classified into upper cervical(C4, C5), mid-cervical(C6), and lower cervical(C7, C8) spinal cord injury. Eight ADL categories including feeding, grooming, bathing, dressing, toileting, bed-transfer, toilet/tub transfer, and indoor mobility were assessed using the scale of Spinal Cord Independence Measure. Age related differences were examined by separating the sample into two age groups(> or =40 and <40 years) RESULTS: There was no age related difference in rehabilitation outcome in upper cervical cord injury patients. In mid-cervical cord injury level, ADL capacities differed only in the feeding and grooming activities. In lower cervical cord injury level, older patients showed lower rehabilitation outcome than younger counterparts in all ADL categories examined. CONCLUSION: Along with injury level, age should be considered when formulating rehabilitation plans and functional prognostic statements in tetraplegic patients.
Activities of Daily Living ; Adult ; Animals ; Bandages ; Baths ; Grooming ; Humans ; Quadriplegia ; Rehabilitation* ; Spinal Cord Injuries* ; Spinal Cord* ; Treatment Outcome*

BACKGROUND: Overnight transfusions have been associated with higher transfusion risk than transfusions during the day. The aim of the study was to evaluate the transfusion status at our hospital and to help provide plans for overnight transfusions. METHODS: All blood products, including red blood cell products (RBC), fresh frozen plasmas (FFP), and all platelet products (PLT) issued between January 2013 and December 2014 were included. Night1 (5 pm∼8 am) and Night2 (8 pm∼8 am) were defined as overnight, and all issued bloods (IB) were analyzed in accordance with the issued time, ordered medical departments, and the reason of transfusion. RESULTS: The total unit number of IB at Night1 (Night2) was 53,483 (38,224), and it consisted of 44.4% (31.7%) total IB; 53.2% (39.6%) FFP; 46.8% (33.4%) RBC; and 39.3% (27.6%) PLT. The IB ordered from the departments of trauma & acute care surgery and emergency medicine consisted of 40% IB. The 80.9% RBC, 53.1% FFP and 70.2% PLT could be considered as appropriate for overnight transfusion. CONCLUSION: Due to the characteristics of our hospital with many trauma patients, the percentage of IB during an overnight period in our hospital was higher than those in other countries, and the rate of appropriate reason for RBC transfusion was also higher. However, as inappropriate overnight transfusions may have been still performed, education for medical staffs and appropriate policies for overnight transfusion could be helpful in reducing inappropriate transfusion.
Blood Platelets ; Blood Transfusion ; Education ; Emergency Medicine ; Erythrocytes ; Humans ; Medical Staff ; Plasma ; Tertiary Care Centers*

PURPOSE: The authors evaluated the differences between K-wires and Cannulated screw, plate for fixing the proximal metatarsal chevron osteotomy of moderate and severe hallux valgus. MATERIALS AND METHODS: There were 62 patients (79 feet) who were moderate and severe degree hallux valgus according to the classification of Mann. They all got the proximal chevron osteotomy when correcting the deformity. We divided the patients into 4 groups, Two K-wire fixed group as A, one cannulated screw fixed group as B. Two cannulated screw fixed group as C, Plate fixed group as D, Group A were patients (26 feet) and Group B were patients (9 feet), Group C were patients (31 feet) and Group D were patients (13 feet). Preoperative, postoperative and follow-up hallux valgus angle (HVA) and intermetatarsal angle (IMA) were measured for each patient. ANOVA test and Student t-test were done for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Mean follow up period was 43.8 months (range: 12~82 months). Preoperative mean IMA was 16.4+/-3.5, 17.7+/-11.3, 17.3+/-5.9 and 16.6+/-2.3 degrees in respectively group A, B, C, D. Immediate postoperative mean IMA was 5.6+/-3.4, 7.3+/-4.4, 7.6+/-4.4 and 6.7+/-2.8 degrees in respectively group A, B, C, D. The final mean IMA was 8.9+/-4.5, 15.2+/-7.5, 10.3+/-4.4 and D 7.7+/-3.5 degrees in respectively group A, B, C, D. There were significant statistical increase in final mean IMA of group B and C (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The IMA was significantly increased in the group which used one or two cannulated screw for fixation on follow up, therefore more caution should be needed when using one or two cannulated screw fixation technique after proximal chevron osteotomy.
Congenital Abnormalities ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hallux ; Hallux Valgus ; Humans ; Metatarsal Bones ; Osteotomy

BACKGROUND: There is significant inter-laboratory variation in the ABO antibody (Ab) titer levels of blood samples because a standardized method has not yet been developed. The aim of this study was to identify the best conditions for the preparation of the red blood cell (RBC) suspensions so as to aid the development of a standard ABO Ab titration method. METHODS: Serum samples from apparently healthy adults and RBCs from three different sources (residual EDTA blood from healthy adults, donor blood in citrate-phosphate-dextrose-adenine-1 [CPDA-1], and a commercially available RBC reagent) were used for Ab titrations. We measured the titers for each blood group under various conditions, including the time period of storage (days), the ratio of serum to RBC volume, and the RBC sources. The techniques for room temperature incubation and the indirect antiglobulin test were used for the tube and the gel card test. RESULTS: A storage period of 6 to 7 days significantly affected the Ab titers. Samples with 3% RBCs in a 1:1 serum to RBC volume ratio had significantly lower Ab titers than those with 2% RBCs in a 1:1 ratio or those with 3% RBCs in a 2:1 ratio. There were no significant differences in the Ab titers of RBCs from different sources. CONCLUSIONS: To reduce inter-laboratory variations in ABO Ab titrations, using RBC suspension within five days of storage and applying ratio of serum to RBC volume to 2:1 with 3% RBC in the tube test will be helpful when using home-made RBC suspension.
ABO Blood-Group System ; Adult ; Coombs Test ; Edetic Acid ; Erythrocytes* ; Humans ; Suspensions* ; Tissue Donors

BACKGROUND: Detection methods for ABO antibody (Ab) titers vary across laboratories, and the results are different depending on the method used. We aimed to compare titer values using different detection methods for the measurement of ABO Ab titers. METHODS: For ABO Ab detection, pooled group A or B red blood cells (RBCs) were reacted with each of 20 sera from blood groups A, B, or O without dithiothreitol treatment. The room-temperature (RT) incubation technique and the indirect antiglobulin test (IAT) were used in the tube test and gel card test. Flow cytometry (FCM) was performed by using anti-IgM and anti-IgG Abs. RESULTS: Regardless of the blood groups tested, the FCM assay with anti-IgM showed the highest titer compared to the tube test and gel card test with RT incubation in both. The tube test with IAT showed a higher titer than the gel card test with IAT (Gel-IAT) or FCM with anti-IgG in blood group A and B, while Gel-IAT showed the highest titer relative to the other tests, only for the anti-A Ab in blood group O. CONCLUSIONS: There were significant differences in the titers depending on the detection method used, and each method showed a different detection capacity for each ABO Ab depending on the ABO blood group tested. Therefore, caution should be exercised in interpreting ABO Ab titer results, taking into consideration the detection method used and the blood group.
ABO Blood-Group System/*immunology ; Adult ; Aged ; Agglutination Tests/instrumentation/*standards ; Antibodies/*analysis ; Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic/analysis ; Erythrocytes/chemistry/metabolism ; Female ; *Flow Cytometry ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Temperature