No abstract available.

OBJECTIVES: It is interesting that the term "Tao" is seen in the Bible of Korean revised version, because Tao is the essential part of traditional Korean culture. Korean culture has 5000 years of history rooted in the humanitarian ideal that means devotion to the welfare of mankind. Such humanitarian ideal had accepted, digested and finally recreated many religions and ideas without conflict. Because understanding the patient's culture is important in the psychiatric practice, it is worthwhile to compare the Tao in the Bible and in the traditional culture. This will lead us to understand the Bible more accurately, and understanding the Bible can broaden our view toward the traditional Korean culture. METHODS: The authors searched the term "Tao" in the Bible of Korean Revised Version and compared it with the Biblia Hebrica Stuttgatensia, and Novum Testatum Graece to detect the original expressions of Tao. The meaning of Hebrew or Greek original expressions were compared with English expressions of The Holy Bible, the King James Version. RESULTS: Tao was recorded 85 times in the Bible of Korean Revised Version. The majority of original expressions were "derek" (43 times) in Hebrew Old Testaments, and "hodos" (14 times) in Greek New Testament. The majority of English expressions corresponding to Tao were "way" or "ways" (59 times). "Derek" means the commandments of God. "Hodos" means the way of Jesus Christ. CONCLUSION: "Derek" and "hodos" commonly mean the righteousness and sanctification required to human with the berith (testament) of God. Tao in the Bible of Korean Revised Version is similar to Tao in the traditional culture in the viewpoint of enlightenment. Korean psychotherapy can be elaborated further with the acceptance of Western psychotherapy on the basis of deep understanding of Korean traditional culture, such as Tao.
Bible* ; Humans ; Korea ; Psychotherapy ; Troleandomycin*

As suicide deaths have been rapidly increasing among the Korean people, the clinical conditions associated with suicide including major depressive disorder (MDD) have also been in the public eye for decades. Thus we discuss the relationship between suicide and depression from the psychosocial perspective. Because the introjected aggression or hostility may be essential psychodynamic factors in suicide and depression, the clinical psychiatrist's or psychotherapist's empathy may be the important psychotherapeutic method in the recovery of object relationships or relieving suicidal patients' self-destructive tendencies. Although various and diverse psychological features have been suggested as the predictive factors of suicide, they have not yet been demonstrated by any statistical models. Psychiatrists should be aware that suicide or suicidal behaviors might be strongly associated with sociocultural background in Korea. Further research may be needed in the area of the relationship among suicide, depression, and sociocultural correlates.
Acculturation ; Aggression ; Depression ; Depressive Disorder, Major ; Empathy ; Eye ; Hostility ; Korea ; Models, Statistical ; Object Attachment ; Psychiatry ; Suicide

Objective: The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had a severe impact on mental health. To explore the underlying mechanisms that influence mental health, a critical question is whether different types of coping strategies may mediate the relationships between COVID-19 related stress and mental health. Methods: Recruited between October 19 and 24, 2021, a total of 500 participants aged 20 to 69 years completed an online survey to evaluate the COVID-19 stress, coping orientation, depression and state anxiety. The period corresponded to the highest level of COVID-19 restrictions (level 4) immediately before the adjusted restriction to level 3. Parallel mediation analyses were conducted using structural equation modeling. Results: Distinct mediation effects of the COVID-19 stress (i.e., fear of infection, difficulties of social distancing, anger toward others) through three types of coping strategies (i.e., functional, dysfunctional, seeking support) were found. Fear of infection was likely to be related to functional coping and dysfunctional coping. Social distancing model indicated dysfunctional coping and seeking support, while anger toward others model was associated with functional coping and seeking support. Conclusion The results highlight the different relationships between COVID-19 stress and mental health coping strategies. The identification of these mediation pathways offers guidance for designing effective interventions and support systems to promote psychological well-being during challenging times like the COVID-19 pandemic.

OBJECTIVES: This study examined the selective deficits of executive function in patients with mild traumatic brain injury that in normal range of general intelligence level and aimed to analysis of the correlation between K-WAIS result and executive function. METHODS: 59 subjects were included in this study, who were diagnosed as mild traumatic brain injury(MTBI) and they have visited in neuropsychiatric department of Wonkwang University Hospital during from March, 2005 to September, 2010. For measurement of general intelligence quotient, the Korean-Wechsler Adults Intelligence Scale(K-WAIS) was administered and for measurement of executive intelligence quotient(EIQ), Executive Intelligence Test(EXIT) was administered. RESULTS: Of patients, 50.8% included at abnormal EIQ group. The patients of abnormal EIQ showed poorer full scale IQ(FIQ), performance IQ(PIQ) and in subscale that picture arrangement, digit symbol, digit span, block design, object assembly and comprehension were significantly different. In terms of relationships between K-WAIS and EIQ, FIQ and PIQ have positive correlation with EIQ. And in subscale, picture arrangement, digit symbol, digit span, block design, object assembly and comprehension show positive correlation with EIQ. CONCLUSION: This study suggest that MTBI patients with have normal range of general intelligence level may have deficit of executive function is common. The decline of FIQ, PIQ and some subscales of K-WAIS may suggest executive dysfunction in MTBI patients.
Adult ; Brain ; Brain Injuries ; Comprehension ; Executive Function ; Humans ; Intelligence ; Reference Values ; Wechsler Scales

The role of the periosteum on osteointegration of Bio-Oss(R)(Geistlich, Wolhusen/Switzerland) was studied in rabbit calvarial defect. 12 New Zealand white male rabbits between 2.8 and 4 kg were included in this randomized, blinded, prospective study. Each rabbit was anesthetized with Ketamine HCl(5 mg/kg) and Xylazine HCl(1.5 ml/kg). An incision was made to the bony cranium and the periosteum was reflected. Using a 6-mm trephine bur(3i. USA), four 8-mm defects were created with copious irrigation. The defects were classified into barrier membrane(Tefgen(R), Lifecore Biomedical, Inc, U.S.A.) only group as a control, Bio-Oss(R) with barrier membrane group, Bio-Oss(R) with periosteum covering group, and Bio-Oss(R) without periosteum covering group. There were 2 rabbits in each group. The wound was closed with resorbable suture materials. Rabbits were sacrificed using phentobarbital(100 mg/kg) intravenously at 1, 2, and 4 weeks after surgery. The samples were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, and decalcified in hydrochloric acid decalcifying solution(Fisher Scientific, Tustin, CA) at 4degrees C for 2-4 weeks. It was embedded in paraffin and cut into 6 micrometer thickness. The sections were stained with H & E and observed by optical microscope. The results were as follows; 1. The periosteum played an important role in osteointegration of Bio-Oss(R) in bone defects. 2. When the periosteum remained intact and Bio-Oss(R) was placed on the defect, Bio-Oss(R) with periosteum covering has been incorporated into the newly formed bone from 2-week postoperatively. 3. When the periosteum was removed at the surgical procedure, invasion of connective tissue took place among the granules, and new bone formation was delayed compared to periosteum covering group. Therefore, when the bone grafting was performed with periosteal incision procedure to achieve tension-free suture, the integrity of the overlying periosteum should be maintained to avoid fibrous tissue ingrowth.
Bone Regeneration* ; Bone Transplantation ; Connective Tissue ; Humans ; Hydrochloric Acid ; Ketamine ; Male ; Membranes ; New Zealand ; Osteogenesis ; Paraffin ; Periosteum* ; Prospective Studies ; Rabbits ; Skull ; Sutures ; Wounds and Injuries ; Xylazine

No abstract available.

Neuroeconomics is an interdisciplinary field that seeks to explain human decision making using a combination of research methods from neuroscience, (behavioral) economics, and cognitive and social psychology. With recent advances in functional neuroimaging and computing power, neuroeconomics suggests the possibility of examining psychopathology using a quantitative model based on objective metrics. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the theory of neuroeconomics and to review the literature on its application to psychiatric research. First, the concept of utility function in economic decision theory can be used to explain depressive symptoms with regard to lack of interest in money. Second, differences in attitudes toward uncertainty and risk suggest that avolition and anhedonia can be expected to reduce the influence of uncertainty on decision making. Third, some parametrically varied values of delay discounting show the relation of discounted value to risk of addiction. Finally, economic game theory can provide a model including social factors to address psychiatric conditions ; thus, it provides a useful framework for the current diagnostic classification systems for consideration of interpersonal factors. We expect that conduct of more interdisciplinary research in neuroeconomics and psychiatry will clarify diagnosis and contribute to the description of psychiatric disorders.
Anhedonia ; Decision Making ; Decision Theory ; Depression ; Functional Neuroimaging ; Game Theory ; Humans ; Neurosciences ; Psychology, Social ; Psychopathology ; Uncertainty