The effect of androgen in the development of the normal prostate and the evolution of benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), and prostatic adenocarcinoma has been proven. In addition to androgen, estrogen and progesterone are also thought to play a role in the pathogenesis of BPH and carcinoma. However, their exact roles are not yet known because there is no conclusive evidence. Thirty cases of prostatic adenocarcinoma and 16 cases of BPH were studied. Immunohistochemical staining for estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) in epithelial and stromal cells, respectively was performed and the results were assessed semiquantitatively based on the number of positive cells per 100 total cells. Slides were scored as negative; less than 5% of cells, 1 ; 6~15% of cells, 2 ; 16~25% of cells, and 3 ; more than 26% of cells. The relationship between ER and PR expression and the patient's age, histologic grade, and clinical stage was evaluated in prostatic adenocarcinomas. ER was negative in epithelial and in stromal cells for all prostatic adenocarcinomas and BPH cases. The PR expression in epithelial cells and in stromal cells of BPH was noted in 15 (93.8%) and 16 (100.0%) out of 16, respectively. The PR expression of carcinoma cells and stromal cells in prostatic adenocarcinoma was found in 28 (93.3%) and 23 out of 30 (76.7%), respectively. The PR immunoreactivities of stromal cells around carcinoma were 3 in 18 cases, 2 in one case, and 1 in 4 cases, but those of epithelial and stromal cells of BPH and carcinoma cells of prostatic carcinoma were similar to each other with a value of 3 in most cases. The PR expression rate of stromal cells around carcinoma was significantly correlated with the patient's age (p=0.044), but not with histologic grade and clinical stage. In summary, estrogen does not have a direct effect on the biological behavior of BPH and prostatic adenocarcinoma, but progesterone appears to play a role in the pathogenesis of BPH and prostatic adenocarcinoma. Further studies should clarify the biological role of progesterone in the human prostate.
Adenocarcinoma* ; Epithelial Cells ; Estrogens* ; Humans ; Progesterone* ; Prostate ; Prostatic Hyperplasia* ; Receptors, Progesterone* ; Stromal Cells

OBJECTIVE: A few years ago it was shown that uncooked cornstarch feeding(UCS) could correct the biochemical abnormalities resulting from a deficiency of glucose-6-phosphatase in children with type ment. So far, little experience is available with UCS in Korea. We studied to compare the effects on biochemical control and growth of therapy with portacaval shunt and therapy with UCS. METHODS: Enghteen patients with GSD-I, ranging in age from 2 to 17 years, were included in these studies. They were thirteen male and five female children, and were diagnosed as GSD-I in Seoul National University from 1982 to 1994. Six patients (age 6.75+/-3.06, range 4.33~12.75 years) received portacaval shunt after preoperative intravenous hyperalimentation, and fifteen patients(age 7.08+/-4.09, rnage 2.00~17.00years) received UCS(1.75~2g/kg, four times daily). They included three patients who have had hepatic adenoma during follow-up after portacaval shunt. Height standard deviation score(SDS), liver size, blood glucose, serum cholesterol, serum uric acid, and serum transaminase were measured. RESULTS: After UCS, the changes of height SDS, liver size, blood glucose, and serum uric acid were significant but the changes of cholesterol, SGOT, and SGPT were not significant. The SDS of height increased significantly form -2.61+/-1.01 at onset of UCS to -1.93+/-0.86 after UCS. The liver size decreased significantly form 10.1+/-2.7cm at onset of UCS to 7.9+/-3.0cm after UCS. Blood glucose levels increased significantly form 50.6+/-14.3mg/dl at onset of UCS to 90.1+/-17.0mg/dl after UCS. Serum uric acid levels decreased significantly form 8.03+/-2.12mg/dl at onset of UCS to 5.67+/-2.34mg/dl after UCS. Statistically, significant difference were not found in those values after portacaval shunt. CONCLUSIONS: UCS was effective to maintain blood glucose, to minimize biochemical abnormalities and to optimize clinical outcome in patients with GSD. Individuals with GSD-I commonly developed hepatic adenoma and malignant transformation of these ademonas has occurred. So in any case, it is advisable to screen all GSD-I patients periodically by imaging techniques for tumor formation, and once tumors have been detected, to adopt strict dietary measures and observe them closely for evidence of suggestive malignant transformation.
Adenoma ; Alanine Transaminase ; Aspartate Aminotransferases ; Blood Glucose ; Child ; Cholesterol ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Glucose-6-Phosphatase ; Glycogen Storage Disease ; Humans ; Korea ; Liver ; Male ; Parenteral Nutrition, Total ; Portacaval Shunt, Surgical ; Seoul ; Starch* ; Uric Acid

PURPOSE: The evaluation of pain in neonates is difficult due to their limited means of communication. The aim of this study was to determine whether the behavioral reactions of facial action and cry provoked by an invasive pain-induced procedure could be discriminated from the reactions to a noninvasive pain-induced procedure in normal full-term neonates. METHODS: Thirty-six healthy full-term neonates received three pain-induced procedures in counterbalanced order:intramuscular injection, tactile stimulus, and rubbing thigh with alcohol. The facial actions to the pain-induced procedures were measured and analysed by Neonatal Facial Action Coding System (NFACS) and the cry measures were analysed by the speech analysis after recording. RESULTS: 1) A cluster of facial actions comprised of brow bulging, eye squeezing, deepening of nasolabial furrow and open mouth was associated most frequently with the invasive procedure and the total facial action was the highest score in intramuscular injection. 2) Acoustic analysis of cry showed the shortest latency to the first cry and the lonegst duration of the first cry in intramuscular injection. 3) Two variables, total facial action and duration of the first cry, were most statistically significant in discriminating the invasive pain-induced procedure from the noninvasve pain-induced procedure. CONCLUSION: The facial actions and cry responses to the invasive pain-induced procedure were significantly different from the responses to the noninvasive pain-induced procedure in healthy full-term neonates.
Acoustics ; Clinical Coding ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Injections, Intramuscular ; Mouth ; Thigh

The transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) has been used for the assessment of right and left ventricular function, valvular structure and function, regional wall motion abnormalities and localization of intravascular catheters, cannular and prosthesis. We inserted the pulmonary artery catheter (PAC) under the guidance of intraoperative TEE because of the difficulty of placing PAC with the pressure tracing method in two patients. The PAC was inserted from right atrium to right ventricle with the basal four chamber view and advanced to pulmonary artery through pulmonary valve with the longitudinal view of TEE. We observed typical pulmonary arterial wave form to confirm the correct position. We suggest that the TEE can be used for successful placement of a PAC to facilitate manipulation of the catheter as an alternative method in the patients whose PAC can not be positioned with the pressure tracing method.
Catheters* ; Echocardiography, Transesophageal* ; Heart Atria ; Heart Ventricles ; Humans ; Prostheses and Implants ; Pulmonary Artery* ; Pulmonary Valve ; Ventricular Function, Left

PURPOSE: This study aimed to examine the communication styles and nursing service satisfaction of clinical research nurses perceived by clinical subjects. METHODS: The data were collected with self-administrated questionnaires after receiving consents from 200 clinical trial subjects. The data were analysed with descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficients and stepwise multiple regression analysis using SPSS 21.0 statistic program. RESULTS: Clinical subjects perceived that clinical research nurses used the informative, affective, and non-authoritative communication styles. The study identified factors influencing the nursing service satisfaction, and they were the informative communication styles (β=.34, p<.001) and affective communication styles (β=.35, p<.001, R2=37%) by multiple linear regression. CONCLUSION: If educational programs on communication are developed to help clinical research nurses use the informative and affective communication styles according to the characteristics of subjects and applied to the field of practice, they will be able to increase the nursing service satisfaction and contribute to the higher quality of clinical trials.
Linear Models ; Nursing Services* ; Nursing*

Heat shock protein of 72 kDa (HSP70) has a role in the functional modulation of sex steroid hormone receptors and in p53-associated oncogenesis and inhibits apoptosis associated with bcl-2. However, the exact role of HSP70 in the development of endometrial adenocarcinoma has not been well established. The aim of this study is to evaluate the role of HSP70 in relation with ER, PR, p53 and bcl-2 expressions and apoptosis in benign and malignant endometrial lesions. Immunohistochemical studies for HSP70, ER, PR, p53, bcl-2 and TUNEL method for apoptosis were performed in 30 cases of adenocarcinoma and 30 cases of benign endometrial lesions consisted of each 10 cases of disordered proliferative endometrium (DP), simple or complex hyperplasia (HP), and atypical hyperplasia (AH). There were no significant differences of HSP70 and bcl-2 expression rates and apoptotic index (AI) between DP, HP, AH, and adenocarcinoma. p53 expression rate in adenocarcinoma was 36.7%, but no p53 expression was identified in DP, HP and AH (p<0.05). In adenocarcinoma, HSP70 expression rate was higher in ER and PR negative adenocarcinoma (p<0.05), and p53 expression rate was higher in nonendometrioid type and FIGO grade II and III (p<0.05), but no significant difference of bcl-2 expression rate according to the histological type and FIGO grade. AI was higher in nonendometrioid type (p<0.05). There was no correlation between HSP70, p53 and bcl-2 expressions, and no significant difference of AI according to HSP70, ER, PR, p53, and bcl-2 expressions. In conclusion, higher HSP70 expression rate in poorly differentiated and ER and PR negative adenocarcinoma suggests that HSP70 inhibits ER and PR expression and may be involved in the development of poorly differentiated endometrial adenocarcinoma.
Adenocarcinoma* ; Apoptosis* ; Carcinogenesis ; Endometrium ; Female ; Heat-Shock Proteins ; Hyperplasia ; In Situ Nick-End Labeling

Chloral hydrate, a good hypnotic agent, can be used as a substitute for general anesthesia if the ocular examination is complicated by poor patient cooperation in pediatric ophthalmology. We studied the change of the intraocular pressure in rabbits with rectally administered chloral hydrate. We found that chloral hydrate sedation had no effect on intraocular pressure.
Anesthesia, General ; Chloral Hydrate* ; Intraocular Pressure* ; Ophthalmology ; Patient Compliance ; Rabbits

Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is an accepted procedure for the management of recurrent Clostridioides difficile infections. FMT is generally considered safe and well-tolerated - even in high-risk patients. Most short-term risks are mild and known to be associated with delivery methods. Long-term side effects have not been established, and no signs of harm have been found to date. However, causality for several microbiome-associated diseases has to be established. Even though FMT is generally considered safe with strict donor screening, serious adverse events have been recently associated with the FMT product from the stool bank, where screening for multi-drug resistant organisms is not included in protocols. Here, we discuss the adverse events associated with FMT and safety issues.

Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is an accepted procedure for the management of recurrent Clostridioides difficile infections. FMT is generally considered safe and well-tolerated - even in high-risk patients. Most short-term risks are mild and known to be associated with delivery methods. Long-term side effects have not been established, and no signs of harm have been found to date. However, causality for several microbiome-associated diseases has to be established. Even though FMT is generally considered safe with strict donor screening, serious adverse events have been recently associated with the FMT product from the stool bank, where screening for multi-drug resistant organisms is not included in protocols. Here, we discuss the adverse events associated with FMT and safety issues.

No abstract available.
Anemia ; Gaucher Disease* ; Humans ; Siblings* ; Thrombocytopenia