BACKGROUND: To report the radiological and clinical outcomes of internal fixation using distal clavicle hook plates for distal clavicle fractures. METHODS: From April 2008 to December 2012, 32 patients with distal clavicle fractures underwent surgery using an AO hook plate. The reduction was qualified and evaluated according to the radiological findings. The evaluation of the clinical outcomes was performed with the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) score, the Korean Shoulder score, and the visual analogue scale (VAS) pain score. RESULTS: By radiological evaluation, we found that 31 of 32 patients showed anatomical reduction and solid bone union. Although we obtained satisfactory UCLA scores, Korean Shoulder Scale scores, and VAS pain scores, 12 cases of complications were present. We found 4 cases of osteolysis of the acromion, 1 case of nonunion, 3 cases of periprosthetic fractures, 3 cases of subacromial pain, and 1 case of skin irritation. We performed re-operations in 2 patients. CONCLUSIONS: To avoid complications associated with clavicle hook plates, choosing the appropriate hook size and bending of the hook according to the slope of the acromion undersurface is critical. Also, we believe that early removal of clavicle plates may help reduce complications.
Acromion ; California ; Clavicle* ; Humans ; Osteolysis ; Periprosthetic Fractures ; Shoulder ; Skin

No Abstract available.
Cross Infection* ; Korea*

PURPOSE: This research is to investigate factors that affect dental aesthetics and analyze whether individual perception affects and difference of genders affects the esthetic factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventy dental students of Chonnam University aged from 25 to 35 years old without periodontal problems were included. Maxillary dental cast for participants were made, and standardized photo was taken with a digital camera. Maximum visual width and the position of gingival zenith of maxillary anterior teeth and maximum height of the maxillary central incisors were measured by a measurement program and the shape of central incisor was categorized. Questionnaire was conducted to evaluate esthetic perception. SPSS program was used to perform statistical analysis. RESULTS: The average visual width ratio of right maxillary anteriors was 1.38:1:0.78 and 1.41:1:0.81 for the left which differ from the golden ratio. The width to height ratio for right and left central incisor was 0.84 and 0.83 respectively. The gingival zenith position was determined to be: mostly, central incisors and canines were located in the distal side, lateral incisors were located in the center. The visual width ratio of right maxillary anterior teeth, ratio of width to height of central incisor, gingival zenith position, crown morphology and amounts of gingival exposure upon smiling were not significantly different between genders, and facial patterns and these dental esthetic factors were not related to aesthetic perception. CONCLUSION: Even though participants had the visual width ratio of maxillary anteriors or ideal width to ideal height of central incisors that did not agree with the golden ratio, they had high satisfaction for dental esthetics. Esthetic perception depends more on subjective judgements of participants than objective indices.
Crowns ; Esthetics ; Esthetics, Dental ; Humans ; Incisor ; Jeollanam-do ; Smiling ; Students, Dental ; Tooth

The giant intra-articular osteochondroma of the knee is very rare and is probably result of synovial metaplasia of the fibrous capsule or of the adjacent connencive tissue of a joint, and of the fragment of articular cartilage. The gross findings and histology are consistent with the osteochondroma. The authors experienced a case of giant intra-articular osteochondroma of the right knee in a 19 years old man who had history of knee injury when he was 16 years old. The mass was excised and the symptome was relieved.
Cartilage, Articular ; Joints ; Knee Injuries ; Knee ; Metaplasia ; Osteochondroma

PURPOSE: This study was done to identify the level of knowledge and practice of self-management on asthma of school-aged children and to provide data for the development of an intervention program to improve self-management on asthma. METHODS: The participants were 100 school-aged children who were treated currently for asthma in J city located in G province. Data were collected from 25th August to 30th October 2014. RESULTS: The mean scores were 14.37 of 20 for self-management knowledge (percentage of correct answer 71.9%), 21.65 of 30 for self-management practice. There were significant differences in knowledge according to grade, diagnosed age, food allergy, education on asthma and hardship in school life, and in practice according to gender and economic status, hardship in school life and experience of first-aid on asthma. There were positive correlations between knowledge and practice. CONCLUSION: Results indicate that school-aged children' knowledge and practice in self-management of asthma were not sufficient enough to perform accurate management of asthma. Therefore, to improve self-management ability of school-aged children to manage effectively asthma, educational strategies that focus on increasing knowledge need to be developed.
Asthma* ; Child* ; Education ; Food Hypersensitivity ; Humans ; Self Care*

No abstract available.
Constriction, Pathologic*

Ameloblasts ; Child ; Fibroma ; Humans ; Maxilla ; Molar ; Odontoma

PURPOSE: This study aimed to identify the degree of accident prevention behavior, self-esteem, self-regulation ability, and social support among middle-school students, and investigate factors influencing their practice of accident prevention behaviors.METHODS: The participants were 174 students from two middle schools located in J city. Data were collected from December 28, 2017 to February 9, 2018 using self-reported questionnaires.RESULTS: The mean score were 3.08±0.37 of 4 for practice of accident prevention behaviors, 3.07±0.57 of 4 for self-esteem, 3.69±0.48 of 5 for self-regulation ability, and 3.38±0.75 of 5 for social support. Positive correlations were found among self-regulation ability, self-esteem, social support, and practice of accident prevention behaviors. The factors influencing the practice of accident prevention behaviors were personality (being ‘haste’) (β=−.20, p=.003), self- regulation ability (β=.48, p<.001), and social support (β=.23, p<.001). These factors explained 39.0% of the variance in practice of accident prevention behaviors.CONCLUSION: It was found that the middle-school students engaged in prevention behavior to an extent that was insufficient to prevent accidents. Therefore, it is necessary to develop intervention strategies to improve the practice of accident prevention behavior among middle-school students, considering self-regulation ability, social support, and personality, which affect the practice of accident prevention behaviors.
Accident Prevention ; Humans ; Self Concept ; Self-Control ; Social Control, Formal

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on the injury of putative parvalbumin positive interneurons defined by molecular marker and hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP), a marker of neural plasticity following acute carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning. Methods: Adult Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 1100 ppm CO for 40 minutes followed by 3000 ppm CO for 20 minutes. Animals received daily intraperitoneal injection of NAC (150 mg/kg) for 5 days after CO exposure. Changes in learning and spatial memory were evaluated by Y-maze test 5 days after the poisoning. In vivo LTP in hippocampal CA1 area was evaluated by using extracellular electrophysiological technique. Immunohistochemical staining were adopted to observe expressional damages of parvalbumin (PV) immunoreactive interneurons in the hippocampus following the poisoning. Results: Acute CO intoxication resulted in no changes in memory performance at Y-maze test but a significant reduction of LTP in the in hippocampal CA1 area. There was also a significant reduction of PV (+) interneurons in the hippocampal CA1 area 5 days after CO poisoning. Daily treatment of NAC significantly improved hippocampal LTP impairment and reduced immunoreactivity for PV in the hippocampus following the acute CO poisoning. Conclusion The results of this study suggest that reduction of hippocampal LTP and PV (+) interneurons in the hippocampus is sensitive indicato

Purpose: The purposes of this study were to develop and to evaluate the effectiveness of the I-change model-based smoking cessation program for vocational high school students. Methods: A non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest design was conducted. Fifty seven participants from a vocational high school in U city, South Korea participated in the study which was done during March and April 2019. The I-change model-based smoking cessation programs was developed focusing on enhancing awareness, motivation, and ability to stop smoking for use by high school students. The experimental group completed 8 sessions of the I-change model-based smoking cessation program over 4 weeks, while the control group participated in the general school smoking cessation program. Data were analyzed using x2 test, independent t-test, Mann-Whitney U test and ANCOVA with the IBM SPSS 25.0 program. Results: After the intervention, the experimental group demonstrated significantly higher levels of awareness about smoking cessation and self-efficacy, better attitude toward cons of smoking, and more change in the stage of behavior than the control group. There was no significant difference in attitude toward pros of smoking between the two groups. Conclusion The I-change model-based smoking cessation program is an effective intervention to improve motivation and change in the stage of behavior for adolescents in vocational high schools. The program will contribute to health education for smoking cessation in vocational high schools.