The high-frequency microsatellite instability (MSI-H) phenotype, frequently identified in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), also accounts for approximately 15% of sporadic colorectal cancers. Microsatellite instability (MSI) occurs from the mutational inactivation of the DNA mismatch repair genes, i.e. hMSH2 and hMLH1 in HNPCC, as well as from epigenetic inactivation of hMLH1 in sporadic colorectal tumors. The mutator pathway including microsatellite instability, hMLH1 promoter methylation, and hMSH2 and hMLH1 mutation patterns were identified in 21 sporadic colorectal adenocarcinoma patients younger than 30 yr excluding HNPCC. More than half of tumors showed MSI, with five MSI-H and six MSI-L (low-frequency microsatellite instability). Three of six MSI-H tumors showed the hMLH1 promoter methylation and did not express the hMLH1 protein. On the other hand, all MSI-L and all MSS (microsatellite stable) tumors expressed both hMSH2 and hMLH1 proteins. Two novel mutations, i.e. a missense mutation in hMLH1 and a splice-site alteration in hMSH2, were identified in two patients respectively. Although mutator pathway was implicated in younger-age-onset colorectal carcinogenesis, many tumors appeared to evolve from different genetic events other than hMSH2 and hMLH1 mutations frequently identified in HNPCC.
Adenocarcinoma/*genetics ; Adult ; Age of Onset ; Colorectal Neoplasms/*genetics ; DNA Methylation ; DNA Repair/genetics ; Female ; Human ; Male ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Mutation, Missense ; Neoplasm Proteins/*genetics ; Promoter Regions (Genetics) ; Prospective Studies ; Proteins/*genetics ; Registries

PURPOSE: We investigated whether the loss of E-cadherin function was related to the peritoneal seeding in colorectal carcinomas. METHODS: Eleven patients who had undergone a palliative resection for a colorectal carcinoma, with peritoneal seeding, were enrolled onto the study. The primary tumors and seeding nodules were analyzed with regarded to mutations in the expressions of the CDH1 and protein of E-cadherin using SSCP, direct sequencing and immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS: In the primary tumors, the E-cadherin was normally expressed in 9 of the 11 cases, with 2 cases showing a reduced expression. In the seeding nodules, the E-cadherin was normally expressed in 6 of the 11 cases, with 5 cases showing a reduced expression. The degree of E-cadherin expression in the seeding nodules was significantly decreased comparing to that in the primary tumors (P<0.001). In the mutational analysis, there were no pathogenic mutations in either the primary tumors or the seeding nodules, with the exception of two silent changes in the ctgggt>ctaggt (intron 2) and GTG>GTA (codon 782). CONCLUSION: The loss of E-cadherin expression might be related to peritoneal seeding. The functional derangement of E-cadherin in peritoneal seeding could possibly be caused by a mechanism, such as promoter methylation, rather than the mutation of the CDH1.
Cadherins* ; Colorectal Neoplasms* ; Humans ; Methylation ; Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational

PURPOSE: The tertiary lymphoid structure (TLS) is an important source of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), which have a strong prognostic and predictive value in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). A previous study reported that the levels of CXCL13 mRNA expression were associated with TLSs, but measuring the gene expression is challenging in routine practice. Therefore, this study evaluated the MECA79-positive high endothelial venule (HEV) densities and their association with the histopathologically assessed TLSs in biopsy samples. In addition, the relationship of TLSs with the CXCL13 transcript levels and clinical outcomes were examined. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 108 TNBC patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) were studied. The amounts of TILs and TLSs were measured histopathologically using hematoxylin and eosin–stained slides. The HEV densities and TIL subpopulations were measured by immunohistochemistry for MECA79, CD3, CD8, and CD20. CXCL13mRNA expression levels using a NanoString assay (NanoString Technologies). RESULTS: The mean number of HEVs in pre-NAC biopsies was 12 (range, 0 to 72). The amounts of TILs and TLSs, HEV density, and CXCL13 expression showed robust correlations with each other. A lower pre-NAC clinical T stage, higher TIL and TLS levels, a higher HEV density, CD20-positive cell density, and CXCL13 expression were significant predictors of a pathologic complete response (pCR). Higher CD8-positive cell density and levels of CXCL13 expression were significantly associated with a better disease-free survival rate. CONCLUSION: MECA79-positive HEV density in pre-NAC biopsies is an objective and quantitative surrogate marker of TLS and might be a valuable tool for predicting pCR of TNBC in routine pathology practice.
Biomarkers ; Biopsy ; Cell Count ; Disease-Free Survival ; Drug Therapy ; Gene Expression ; Hematoxylin ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating ; Pathology ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Prognosis ; RNA, Messenger ; Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms* ; Venules*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prognostic significance of serum CEA (s-CEA) changes in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients with sustained elevated postoperative s-CEA levels. METHODS: Between January 1999 and December 2008, 9,380 CRC patients underwent surgery. Curative resection was performed in 1,242 CRC patients with high preoperative s-CEA levels (>6 ng/mL). High s-CEA levels were normalized in 924 patients (74.4%) within 2 weeks from surgery, whereas high s-CEA levels were persistent in 318 patients (25.6%). Patients were divided into 2 groups according to their postoperative s-CEA levels: group 1 (37 patients with a 1-year postoperative s-CEA>6 ng/mL) and group 2 (281 patients with a 1-year postoperative s-CEA≤6 ng/mL). RESULTS: A postoperative recurrence was identified in 24 patients (64.9%) in group 1 and 65 patients (23.1%) in group 2 (P < 0.001). A curative resection after recurrence was performed in 22 patients (33.8%) from group 2, but no patients from group 1 (P = 0.001). The 5-year overall survival and time to recurrence were significantly lower in patients with recurrent cancer in group 1 (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Patients with persistent elevated postoperative s-CEA levels are at high risk for recurrence and a low survival rate. More intensive surveillance of patients with high postoperative s-CEA levels should be mandatory.
Colorectal Neoplasms* ; Humans ; Recurrence ; Survival Rate

BACKGROUND: The future health of our increasing senior population depends upon the interrelationship between the onset time of the first major disease, infirmity or disability and the time of death. Reduction of morbidity requires compressing the average period between two points and reducing the average level of morbidity during this period. In this article, authors demonstrated the change of mortality curve and estimated the mortality curve upto 2010. And we intend to use this result as basic data in the future for preventive health service, health promotion, and health policy for senior people. METHODS: In this study, the authors demonstrated the survival curve from 1970 to 1995. And we intended to estimate death rate according to age and year upto 2010 and construct a new forecasting model. By using this model, we can calculate the data upto 2010 and suggest mortality curve. RESULTS: According to the results, the relative and absolute rectangularization and the convergency of survival curves were observed, and all the Keyfitz's H, NH, SD and CV decreased while the life expectancy in creased in the period of 1970 to 2010. So we conclude that the hypothesis of mortality compression suggested by Fries explains the changing pattern of aged population in Korea very well. CONCLUSION: According to Fries theory, this study shows compression of mortality is exist in Korea But when we observe the tail of mortality curve, there are no evidence that life expectancy reaches to limitation in Korea and we expect life expectancy of Korean will continuously increase.
Forecasting ; Health Policy ; Health Promotion ; Korea* ; Life Expectancy ; Mortality ; Preventive Health Services

PURPOSE: Identification of subgroups of patients who differ in their response to treatment could help to establish which of the best available chemotherapeutic options are best, based on biological activity. In metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC), novel molecular-targeted agents that act on pathways that regulate cell growth, the cell cycle, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and invasion are being developed. Here, we employed an in vitro chemosensitivity assay to evaluate the biological efficacy of conventional monotherapies and combination chemotherapy with targeted drugs. METHODS: The chemosensitivities of 12 CRC cell lines to the established regimens FOLFOX (5-fluorouracil [5-FU] + leucovorin + oxaliplatin) and FOLFIRI (5-FU + leucovorin + irinotecan) and to therapy with these regimens in combination with the biologically targeted drugs bevacizumab or cetuximab were comparatively evaluated for their effects on apoptotic and autophagic cell death processes, angiogenesis, and invasion. RESULTS: Each of the chemotherapeutic regimens promoted apoptotic cell death and invasion. All drug regimens caused significantly greater apoptotic cell death with activation of caspase-3 in SW480 cells compared to other cells, effects that were associated with a remarkable reduction in matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity. The FOLFOX regimen more effectively promoted apoptotic cell death, angiogenesis, and invasion than the FOLFIRI regimen. Combination therapy with FOLFOX/FOLFIRI regimen and bevacizumab produced a moderate angiogenesis-blocking effect in most cell lines. CONCLUSION: The results validate our in vitro chemosensitivity assay, and suggest that it may be applied to help determine adequate regimens in individual CRC patients based on the biological characteristics of their tumors.
Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized ; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols ; Apoptosis ; Autophagy ; Bevacizumab ; Biomarkers, Pharmacological ; Caspase 3 ; Cell Cycle ; Cell Death ; Cell Line ; Cetuximab ; Colorectal Neoplasms ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Fluorouracil ; Humans ; Leucovorin ; Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 ; Organoplatinum Compounds ; Population Characteristics

No abstract available.
Colon* ; Polyps*

To determine the role of methylation in colorectal cancer patients with a family history, we enrolled 25 colorectal cancer patients with a family history of colorectal cancer but without a mutation in the hMLH1 and hMSH2 genes. Thirty patients with sporadic colorectal cancer were included as control. The methylation status of COX2, MGMT, hMLH1, TIMP3, p16, and MINT2 in normal mucosa and tumor were assessed using methylation-specific PCR. In patients with a family history, the methylation frequency ranged from 4.0% for TIMP3 to 44.4% for MGMT, whereas, in patients with sporadic colorectal cancer, it ranged from 6.7% for TIMP3 to 50.0% for p16. Nine of the 25 patients with family history (36.0%) were classified as methylation-prone, and nine of the 30 patients with sporadic cancers (30.0%) were as methylation-prone, making their methylation indices 0.19 and 0.16, respectively (p=0.522). As for the individual genes, the methylation rate of MGMT was higher in colorectal cancer patients with family history (44.0% vs. 13.0%, p=0.016), whereas the methylation rate of p16 was higher in sporadic colorectal cancers (50.0% vs. 8.7%, p=0.046). While CpG island methylation of tumor suppressor genes may play a role in colorectal carcinogenesis, the genes involved may be different between tumors of patients with and without a family history of colorectal cancer.
Adenoma/diagnosis/genetics ; Aged ; Carcinoma/diagnosis/genetics ; Colorectal Neoplasms/*diagnosis/*genetics ; *CpG Islands ; *DNA Methylation ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Epigenesis, Genetic ; Family Health ; Female ; Genes, p16 ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Polymerase Chain Reaction

PURPOSE: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of cancer death in South Korea. Angiogenesis has been associated with invasion and metastasis of tumors and with the secretion of various growth factors. Bevacizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody that recognizes and blocks vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and that targets integrin alphaVbeta3 and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) as angiogensis inhibitors. The aims of this study were identification of the mechanism of target molecules related to angiogenesis and demonstration of identifiable invasion by using chemotherapeutic regimens in vitro. METHODS: The five colorectal cancer cell lines were treated with bevacizumab using standard or combined regimens. The expression of integrin alphaVbeta3 was detected and the investigation of apoptosis was done by using flow cytometry. The activations of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were measured by using gelatin zymography. RESULTS: The apoptotic cell death was significantly increased for the combined regimens, especially for FOLFOX (5-FU, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin) with bevacizumab. Bevacizumab inhibited the expression of integrin alphaVbeta3 in the HT29 (59%), LoVo (67%), and SW480 (17%) cell lines, but did not in the AMC5 and the RKO cell lines. The activations of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were significantly reduced by treatment with bevacizumab in the HT29 and the LoVo cell lines. In the HT29 and the LoVo cell lines, thus, bevacizumab inhibited invasion and metastasis activity through down-regulation of integrin alphaVbeta3 and MMPs. CONCLUSION: Our results provide biological evidence of potent angiogenic activity and indicate that angiogenesis is a complex process that involves multiple factors, including VEGF, integrin alphaVbeta3, and MMPs.
Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized ; Apoptosis ; Bevacizumab ; Cell Death ; Cell Line ; Colorectal Neoplasms ; Down-Regulation ; Flow Cytometry ; Gelatin ; Humans ; Integrin alphaVbeta3 ; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; Leucovorin ; Matrix Metalloproteinases ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Republic of Korea ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A

Integrative genetic changes were examined in relation to tumor growth and progression of sporadic colorectal cancers. Ninety-two sporadic colorectal cancer patients and 12 human colorectal cancer cell lines were evaluated. Genetic changes in representative steps of colorectal tumorigenesis were determined. Biological characteristics, i.e., clinicopathologic parameters, expression of invasion-associated molecules, and in vitro invasion and migration, in association with these changes were further analyzed. Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) and/or Wnt-activated alterations occurred in 66% patients, whereas mismatch repair (MMR) defects and/or RAF-mediated alterations were identified in 47% patients. The crossover rate between these two alterations was 26%. Differential mRNA expression of ARK5 was closely associated with that of MMP2, MMP9, and S100A4 (P< or =0.044-0.001). Additionally, enhanced ARK5 mRNA expression was more frequent in tumors displaying RAF-mediated alterations and crossover pathways (P=0.01 and 0.03, respectively). Upregulation of CEA mRNA was more common in the advanced stages (P=0.034), while VEGF expression was greater in poorly differentiated or mucinous tumors (P=0.042). The high expressions of MMP2 and MMP9 were closely associated with invasion and migration of colorectal tumors and cell lines. Our results conclusively show that specific pathways of colorectal tumorigenesis are closely associated with characteristic tumor growth and invasion.
*Adenocarcinoma/genetics/metabolism/pathology ; Animals ; Carcinoembryonic Antigen/genetics/metabolism ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Movement ; *Colorectal Neoplasms/genetics/metabolism/pathology ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ; Humans ; Matrix Metalloproteinase 2/genetics/metabolism ; Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/genetics/metabolism ; Neoplasm Invasiveness ; Protein Kinases/genetics/metabolism ; Repressor Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; S100 Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/genetics/metabolism