Purpose: Recent reports indicate that small for gestational age (SGA) could be a risk factor for delayed thyroid stimulating hormone (dTSH) elevation in preterm infants. The development of dTSH elevation in SGA late-preterm infants with a gestational age of 34–36 weeks has been investigated in only a few studies. Methods: In the present retrospective study, 70 SGA infants and 86 sex- and gestational age-matched controls who presented with normal results on initial thyroid function testing were included. Results: SGA infants had a significantly higher prevalence of dTSH elevation (15.7% vs. 3.5%, P=0.009) compared with appropriate-for-gestational age infants. In SGA infants, the mean age at the time of dTSH was 24 days. Development of dTSH was associated with SGA and medical treatment with dopamine or furosemide. After adjusting for confounding factors, multiple logistic regression analysis showed SGA was a significant risk factor for the development of dTSH elevation (odds ratio, 23.2; 95% confidence interval, 2.27–236.91; P=0.008). Conclusion SGA infants may be at risk for dTSH and clinicians could consider a second thyroid screening test around the age of 1 month.

This study shows a case of neoadjuvant chemotherapy application for the management of a 34-year-old male patient diagnosed with invasive intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN), for which curative margin-negative resection initially seemed challenging. Five cycles of the FOLFIRINOX regimen (5-fluorouracil, leucovorin, irinotecan, and oxaliplatin) were administered preoperatively, resulting in a significant reduction of the intraductal mass size and deformity of the main vessels. The patient subsequently underwent a successful robotic pylorus-preserving pancreatoduodenectomy. Postoperatively, the patient received adjuvant chemotherapy with FOLFIRINOX, and after 5 months, showed no signs of tumor recurrence or specific complications. These findings suggest that neoadjuvant therapy can be a potentially effective strategy even in advanced invasive IPMN. Further research is necessary to establish guidelines for its application.

Pulmonary nodular lymphoid hyperplasia is a reactive lymphoproliferative disease. It is very rare, which means that many aspects of the disease are unknown or have not been proven. Pulmonary nodular lymphoid hyperplasia can be symptomatic or asymptomatic, progressive or not, and solitary or multiple, and a surgical approach is the current treatment of choice. We present a case of pulmonary nodular lymphoid hyperplasia that was visualized as multiple ground glass opacities on a computed tomography (CT) scan, and observed for 1 year because the patient was pregnant. Over this period, the number and extent of the opacities progressed, but no symptoms were reported. A surgical biopsy was done and some remaining lesions regressed on follow-up CT scans, while others progressed, without any appearance of symptoms.
Adult* ; Biopsy ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Glass ; Humans ; Hyperplasia* ; Respiratory Tract Diseases ; Thoracic Surgery, Video-Assisted ; Thoracoscopy ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

PURPOSE: Lung size mismatch is a major cause of poor lung function and worse survival after lung transplantation (LTx). We compared predicted total lung capacity (pTLC) and TLC measured by chest computed tomography (TLC(CT)) in LTx candidates. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed the medical records of patients on waiting lists for LTx. According to the results of pulmonary function tests, patients were divided into an obstructive disease group and restrictive disease group. The differences between pTLC calculated using the equation of the European Respiratory Society and TLC(CT) were analyzed in each group. RESULTS: Ninety two patients met the criteria. Thirty five patients were included in the obstructive disease group, and 57 patients were included in the restrictive disease group. pTLC in the obstructive disease group (5.50±1.07 L) and restrictive disease group (5.57±1.03 L) had no statistical significance (p=0.747), while TLC(CT) in the restrictive disease group (3.17±1.15 L) was smaller than that I the obstructive disease group (4.21±1.38 L) (p<0.0001). TLC(CT)/pTLC was 0.770 in the obstructive disease group and 0.571 in the restrictive disease group. CONCLUSION: Regardless of pulmonary disease pattern, TLC(CT) was smaller than pTLC, and it was more apparent in restrictive lung disease. Therefore, we should consider the difference between TLC(CT) and pTLC, as well as lung disease patterns of candidates, in lung size matching for LTx.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Female ; Humans ; Lung/*diagnostic imaging/pathology/*physiopathology ; Lung Diseases/diagnostic imaging/pathology/physiopathology/therapy ; *Lung Transplantation ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Organ Size ; *Patient Selection ; Retrospective Studies ; *Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; *Total Lung Capacity ; Young Adult

Thyroid hormone resistance (RTH) is characterized by a decreased sensitivity of target tissues to thyroid hormones due to a defect in the THRα- and THRβ-encoded thyroid hormone receptors (THRs). The clinical manifestations range from no symptoms to simple goiter and hypo- or hyperthyroidism, depending on the receptor subtype distribution in the tissues. Here, we report the case of a thyroid hormone-resistant 12-month-old boy carrying a novel THRβ variant who was initially diagnosed with congenital hypothyroidism. An extensive evaluation revealed increased free T4 level and inappropriately increased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level; a normal lipid profile, sex hormone-binding globulin, and free alpha subunit of TSH; exaggerated TSH response to THR; and no radiological evidence of pituitary adenoma. A targeted next-generation sequencing panel identified a heterozygote c.993T>G (p.Asn331Lys) mutation in the THRβ gene. During the first year of life, a higher dose of levothyroxine was administered to the patient due to uncompensated RTH. Levothyroxine treatment was continued after 3 years to maintain TSH level <5 mIU/mL, but the observed weight gain was poor, height increase was insufficient, and bone development was delayed. However, neither hyperactivity nor developmental delay was observed. Patients with RTH exhibit various clinical features. Due to its heterogeneous nature, genetic test for accurate diagnosis is important to provide proper management.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in patients with underlying diseases, is associated with high infection and mortality rates, which may result in acute respiratory distress syndrome and death. Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) type II is a progressive metabolic disorder that stems from cellular accumulation of the glycosaminoglycans, heparan, and dermatan sulfate. Upper and lower airway obstruction and restrictive pulmonary diseases are common complaints of patients with MPS, and respiratory infections of bacterial or viral origin could result in fatal outcomes. We report a case of COVID-19 in a 16-year-old adolescent with MPS type II, who had been treated with idursulfase since 5 years of age. Prior to infection, the patient’s clinical history included developmental delays, abdominal distension, snoring, and facial dysmorphism. His primary complaints at the time of admission included rhinorrhea, cough, and sputum without fever or increased oxygen demand. His heart rate, respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation were within the normal biological reference intervals, and chest radiography revealed no signs of pneumonia. Consequently, supportive therapy and quarantine were recommended. The patient experienced an uneventful course of COVID-19 despite underlying MPS type II, which may be the result of an unfavorable host cell environment and changes in expression patterns of proteins involved in interactions with viral proteins. Moreover, elevated serum heparan sulfate in patients with MPS may compete with cell surface heparan sulfate, which is essential for successful interaction between the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein and the host cell surface, thereby protecting against intracellular penetration by SARS-CoV-2.