To establish appropriate conditions for a disinfectant efficacy test at subzero temperatures, this study examined mixtures of frozen foot-and-mouth disease virus or avian influenza virus solutions and disinfectant diluents at −5℃ and monitored temperature and freezing status of an anti-freezing diluent (AFD, 15% ethanol + 30% propylene glycol + 55% distilled water) over time at various subzero temperatures. Viral solutions and disinfectant diluents froze before the mixtures reached −5℃, whereas the AFD was not frozen at −30℃. The times taken for the AFD to reach −10, −20, −30, and −40℃ from room temperature were 36, 39, 45, and 48 min, respectively.

To establish appropriate conditions for a disinfectant efficacy test at subzero temperatures, this study examined mixtures of frozen foot-and-mouth disease virus or avian influenza virus solutions and disinfectant diluents at −5℃ and monitored temperature and freezing status of an anti-freezing diluent (AFD, 15% ethanol + 30% propylene glycol + 55% distilled water) over time at various subzero temperatures. Viral solutions and disinfectant diluents froze before the mixtures reached −5℃, whereas the AFD was not frozen at −30℃. The times taken for the AFD to reach −10, −20, −30, and −40℃ from room temperature were 36, 39, 45, and 48 min, respectively.
Animals ; Ethanol ; Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus ; Freezing ; Influenza in Birds ; Propylene Glycol

The fine structure of cells in the trigeminal mesencephalic (Me5) nucleus in the rat was studied by transmission electron microscopy. This nucleus located in the mid-brain and the rostral portion of the pons, most neurons in the caudal part of Me5 nucleus were sufficiently large (40~50micrometer) and appeared as round-shaped unipolar cells. The Me5 neurons had a large, round, centrally located nucleus, and their cytoplasm contained numerous mitochondria, dense granular endoplasmic reticulum, abundant Golgi apparatus, groups of free ribosomes, some heterogeneous particles and neurofilaments. Cell surfaces were studded irregularly with small spinouts processes, and they contained a few fine irregularly arranged neurofilaments and some granular endoplasmic reticulum. Boutons contacting the soma of Me5 neurons were defined as axosomatic synapses and bostons contacting dendrites located between the Me5 neurons were defined as axodendritic synapses. Based on differences in bouton and vesicle morphology, the four synaptic bouton types were identified. 1. Asymmetrical as well as symmetrical synapses with small round vesicles. 2. Asymmetrical synapses with pleomorphic admixture contained predominantlyspherical vesicles. 3. Symmetrical synapses with pleomorphic vesicles of flattened, spherical and dense-core vesicles. 4. Asymmetrical as well as symmetrical synapses with heterogeneous and large dense-core vesicles. Synaptic boutons containing round vesicles and large dense-core vesicles were most frequently observed.
Animals ; Carisoprodol ; Cytoplasm ; Dendrites ; Endoplasmic Reticulum, Rough ; Golgi Apparatus ; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission ; Mitochondria ; Neurons ; Pons ; Presynaptic Terminals ; Rats* ; Ribosomes ; Synapses

PURPOSE: Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein enzyme that synthesizes telomeric DNA onto the ends of chromosomes, thereby preventing the replication-dependent shortening of those ends. This enzyme is essential for stability of eukaryotic chromosomes and may be necessary for cell immortalization. Telomerase activity is detected in a wide range of cancers of various tissues, and its expression may be a critical step in tumor progression. METHODS: The telomerase activity was measured using a telomeric repeat amplification protocol (TRAP) assay in 65 cases of breast cancers, 9 cases of fibroadenomas, and 7 cases of normal breast tissues. To compare the telomerase activity with cell cycle regulators, we measured the expression of the cyclin D1 and the p53 proteins by using immunohistochemical analysis. To compare the telomerase activity with traditional prognostic indicators, we measured the ER, PR, c-erbB-2 and ki-67 expression by using immunohistochemical analysis. Disease-free survival and overall survival in relation to telomerase activity were studied by using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: Telomerase activity was detected in 42 (64.6%) of the 65 breast cancers, 4 (44.4%) of the 9 fibroadenomas, and in none of the 7 normal breast tissues. There was no significant relationship between telomerase activity and cell cycle regulators such as cyclin D1 or p53. There was no statistical correlation between telomerase activity and tumor size, lymph nodal status, or histopathological prognostic parameters, such as ER, PR, p53, c-erbB-2 and ki-67, but a significant correlation was found (p=0.006) between telomerase activity and histologic grade. The telomerase activity was not significantly correlated with either the overall survival or the disease-free survival. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that telomerasemay play a role in the malignant transformation of breast tissue and that this enzyme was more activated in cancers of a poor histologic grade. However, the telomerase activity was not related to cell cycle regulators and traditional prognostic parameters. The possible significance of telomerase activity in breast cancer remains open to further investigation.
Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Cell Cycle* ; Cyclin D1 ; Disease-Free Survival ; DNA ; Fibroadenoma ; Ribonucleoproteins ; Telomerase*

Rhabdomyolysis is defined as skeletal muscle injury with release of muscle cell constituents into the plasma and may lead to acute renal failure secondary to myoglobinuria. The causes of rhabdomyolysis is diverse:alcohol abuse, primary muscle disease, disturbance of muscle metabolism, sustained seizure, infection, drugs, tox ins, trauma, severe exercise, CO intoxication etc. Rhabdomyolysis may cause acute derangement in electrolyte balance and death. It should be diagnosed earlier and managed properly. We experienced a 49 year-old woman developed acute renal failure and myoglobinuria after alcohol drinking. A kidney biopsy revealed acute interstitial nephritis. In the presence of otherwise unexplained acute renal failure in alcoholic patients, rhabdomyolysis should be considered in the differential diagnosis.
Acute Kidney Injury ; Alcohol Drinking* ; Alcoholics ; Biopsy ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Female ; Humans ; Kidney ; Metabolism ; Middle Aged ; Muscle Cells ; Muscle, Skeletal ; Myoglobinuria* ; Nephritis, Interstitial* ; Plasma ; Rhabdomyolysis ; Seizures ; Water-Electrolyte Balance

PURPOSE : The aim of this study was simply assessing linear measurements in the lateral and medial approach, respectively, for bone harvesting using anatomic and three-dimensional (3D) computed tomographic (CT) analyses on a dried cadaveric proximal tibia. In addition, the availability of the three-dimensional computed tomographic (3D-CT) analysis was also estimated. MATERIALS AND METHODS : Ten dried proximal tibia were obtained from five Korean cadavers. Four the reference points, the SM (superior-medial), IM (inferior-medial), SL (superior-lateral), and IL (inferior-lateral) were marked around the tibial tuberosity. The PM (posterior-medial) and PL (posterior-lateral) points were randomly marked at points farthest from the lateral and medial reference points, respectively, in the posterior border of the superior articular surface of both condyles. All measurements were obtained on the dried proximal tibia. After computed tomography had been performed, the three dimensional images were reconstructed using V works 4.0(TM) (Cybermed Inc., Seoul, Korea), and the length between the reference points were measured three dimensionally using the method described above. The error between the mean actual and mean 3D-CT measurements was calculated in order to determine the availability of the three dimensional computed tomographic analysis. RESULTS : The length between the reference points was greatest at the IL-PM, which averaged 65.39 mm+/-10.35. This was followed by the SL-PM with 63.24 mm+/-8.10, the IM-PL with 58.09 mm+/-10.02, and the SM-PL with 51.99 mm+/-9.06. The differences between the IL-PM and SM-PL were 13.4 mm. The mean values were 55.04 mm in the medial approach and 64.32 mm in the lateral approach, and the differences between medial and lateral were 9.28 mm. The error between the mean actual and mean 3D-CT measurements was 0.31% and the standard deviation was 0.28%. CONCLUSION : The anatomical and three dimensional computed tomographic analysis indicates that there was only a 9.28 mm linear difference between the lateral and medial approach. This is consistent with previous studies, which showed that there was little difference between the two approaches in terms of the bone volume. In addition, the error (0.31%) and the standard deviation (0.28%) were considered low, demonstrating high accuracy of 3D-CT. Therefore it can be used in preoperative treatment planning.
Cadaver ; Seoul ; Tibia*

The maturation pattern of the calcium binding proteins parvalbumin (PV) and calbindin-D28K (CB) from the day of birth, postnatal day 0 (P0) to 30 days (P5, P10, P15, P20, P30) and adult was studied in the rat amygdala using immunohistochemistry. PV and CB immunoreactivities in the amygdala of the rat showed very different patterns during postnatal development. The first PV-immunoreactive neurons appeared in the cortical amygdaloid nuclei and the basolateral amygdaloid nucleus at P5, and then in the lateral amygdaloid nucleus and the basomedial amygdaloid nucleus at P10. Adult patterns of PV-immunoreactive neurons were reached at P20. In contrast, CB-immunoreactive neurons were already found at birth in all amygdaloid nuclei except the intercalated nucleus. The intensity and number of immunoreactivity of CB-containing neurons increased during the first 10 days of postnatal life but dramatically decreased at P15. Mature patterns CB-immunoreactive neurons were achieved at P20. These two calcium binding proteins exhibited a non-homogeneous distribution in the adult amygdala, PV-immunoreactive neurons were mainly localized in the basolateral nuclear group but not in the medial amygdaloid nucleus, the cental amygdaloid nucleus and the intercalated nucleus. In contrast, CB-immunoreactive neurons were distributed in almost all amygdaloid nuclei except the intercalated nucleus. The present results showing different postnatal maturation patterns such as time of appearance, the number and distribution of immunoreactive cells suggest that PV and CB may play a different functional role during the postnatal development of the amygdala.
Adult ; Amygdala ; Animals ; Calbindin 1 ; Calbindins* ; Calcium-Binding Proteins ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Neurons* ; Parturition ; Rats*

The midpalatal suture area and maxillary interdental area are suitable site for the placement of orthodontic mini-implant. The purpose of this study was to provide a guideline to indicate the best location for mini-implant placement as it relates to the thickness of soft tissue and cortical bone. Fifteen maxilla from 15 cadavers were cut in midsagittal plane and buccopalatal plane to measure the thickness of soft tissue and cortical bone of midpalatal and maxillary posterior interdental areas. Sectioned samples were scanned and the thickness was measured. The thickness of soft tissue and cortical bone were measured at 6 points from the interdental papilla with 5-mm intervals in the mid-sagittal section. And, the thickness of soft tissue and cortical bone were also measured at 5 points from the alveolar crest with 1-mm intervals in the buccopalatal section. The mean and standard deviation of the measurement were calculated. Soft tissue thickness at the midpalatal suture area was 1.46 mm at 15 mm from the interdental papilla and remained uniformly thick posterior to this point, and steeply increased at 35 mm area posteriorly. Cortical bone thickness were greatest (2.13 mm) at 20 mm from the interdental papilla and remained uniformly thick posterior to this point, and decreased at 30 mm area posteriorly. Palatal soft tissues thickness in all groups was thinnest at the 1 mm from the alveolar crest and gradually increased from alveolar crest to apical portion. Cortical bone thickness in all groups was thickest at the 1 mm from the alveolar crest and slightly decreased from alveolar crest to apical portion. Buccal soft tissue thickness in all groups was thickest at the 1 mm from the alveolar crest and gradually decreased from alveolar crest to apical portion. Cortical bone thickness in all groups was thinnest at the 1 mm from the alveolar crest and slightly increased from alveolar crest to apical portion. Soft tissue thicknesses were greater on the palatal side than on the buccal side. Cortical bone thicknesses of the buccal side were thicker than the palatal side. These results provide anatomical data of soft tissue and cortical bone thickness to assist in the determination of safe location for the mini-implant placement in the midpalatal and maxillary interdental areas.
Cadaver ; Gingiva ; Maxilla ; Sutures

PURPOSE: To evaluate accuracy and reliability of program to measure facial soft tissue thickness using 3D computed tomographic images by comparing with direct measurement. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One cadaver was scanned with a Helical CT with 3 mm slice thickness and 3 mm/sec table speed. The acquired data was reconstructed with 1.5 mm reconstruction interval and the images were transferred to a personal computer. The facial soft tissue thickness were measured using a program developed newly in 3D image. For direct measurement, the cadaver was cut with a bone cutter and then a ruler was placed above the cut side, The procedure was followed by taking pictures of the facial soft tissues with a high-resolution digital camera. Then the measurements were done in the photographic images and repeated for ten times. A repeated measure analysis of variance was adopted to compare and analyze the measurements resulting from the two different methods. Comparison according to the areas was analyzed by Mann-Whitney test. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences between the direct measurements and those using the 3D images (p>0.05). There were statistical differences in the measurements on 17 points but all the points except 2 points showed a mean difference of 0.5 mm or less. CONCLUSION: The developed software program to measure the facial soft tissue thickness using 3D images was so accurate that it allows to measure facial soft tissues thickness more easily in forensic science and anthropology.
Anthropology ; Cadaver ; Forensic Sciences ; Imaging, Three-Dimensional ; Microcomputers ; Tomography, Spiral Computed ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

BACKGROUND: Patients with spinal cord injury have a significant degree of morbidity and mortality caused by renal disease. Tubulointerstitial form of renal disease with minimal proteinuria predominate in this population. A retrospective study was performed to investigate the risk factors that may contribte to the development of proteinuria in patient with chronic spinal cord injury. METHODS: Between December 1999 and May 2000, 40 spinal cord injury patient in Korean Veterans Hospital were recurited retrospectively into the study. The information was gathered included medical record, laboratory data, and radiological study. RESULTS: Proteinuric subjects were older, had a longer duration of injury, had undergone a greater number of decubitus ulcer procedures and hydronephrosis. CONCLUSION: Proteinuria in the patients with spinal cord injury was related to the increase of the therapy for the decubitus ulceration, hydronephrosis, and the duration of the spinal cord injury, and it developed significantly more in paraplegia patients than in quadriplegia patients, which might be due to the more duration of the spinal cord injury in paraplegia patients. Therapeutic efforts directed toward preserving renal function should focus on avoidance of hydronephrosis, and decubitus ulceration.
Amyloidosis ; Hospitals, Veterans ; Humans ; Hydronephrosis ; Medical Records ; Mortality ; Paraplegia ; Pressure Ulcer ; Proteinuria* ; Quadriplegia ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors* ; Spinal Cord Injuries* ; Spinal Cord*