PURPOSE: To examine the putative seizure-protective properties of ketamine in lithium-pilocarpine induced status epilepticus (LPSE). METHODS: Lithium chloride followed 24 h later by pilocarpine was administered for seizure induction. Ketamine (40 mg/kg) or phenytoin (50 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally 10 min or 60 min after the onset of continuous ictal discharge. Then the seizure behavior and EEG were observed and histological changes were compared through Nissl stain at 72 hours. RESULTS: The antiepileptic effect of ketamine, injected during the early stages of LPSE (10 min after the onset of continuous ictal discharge), was comparable to that of phenytoin. Ketamine was more effective than phenytoin in decreasing spike frequency, when administered on the plateau of LPSE (injection 60 min after onset of continuous ictal discharge electrographically). Anticonvulsant action of ketamine was confirmed by a less neuronal injury in hippocampus compared with control rats injected with phenytoin. CONCLUSIONS: In prolonged status epilepticus rat model, ketamine was effective as an antiepileptic, but phenytoin was not. Ketamine was also neuroprotective on the neuronal injury in the hippocampus. These results suggest that ketamine might be useful as an antiepileptic drug when standard antiepileptic drugs fail in the treatment of the refractory cases of status epilepticus.
Animals ; Anticonvulsants ; Electroencephalography ; Hippocampus ; Ketamine* ; Lithium Chloride ; Models, Animal* ; Neurons ; Neuroprotective Agents* ; Phenytoin ; Pilocarpine ; Rats* ; Seizures ; Status Epilepticus*

PURPOSE: Fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) has been widely reported as a marker for airway inflammationin, and FeNO have shown increased levels in the non-asthmatic patients with other atopy related diseases, such as rhinitis. Bronchial hyperresponsiveness is a characteristic feature of asthma, which is often associated with airway inflammationin allergic rhinitis. It has been suggested that asthma is associated with rhinitis, which is a link between the upper and the lower airways, beyond allergy associated inflammation in the respiratory tract. To evaluate the usefulness of FeNO measurement, as a risk factor of allergic and nonallergic rhinitis in children with asthma. METHODS: Fifty-three children included in this study were diagnosed as asthma from April through August 2005 in the Department of Pediatrics, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine. They conducted FeNO monitoring, total eosinophil count and serum immunoglobulin E at that time. We put a question to the participants' parents about the doctor diagnosed participants' manifestations (sneezing, nasal congestion, nasal itching, rhinorrhea), via a telephone interview survey or at the outpatient department in July 2011. Statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS ver. 18.0. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of rhinitis, among the 53 children, was 67.9%. The means of FeNO differed significantly between the two groups, being higher in children who have rhinitis symptoms and lower in asymptomatic children. (mean+/-SD, 29.4+/-24.6 to 13.6+/-11.8 parts per billion; P=0.003; T-test) CONCLUSION: To take the measurement of FeNO value in asthmatics may be a tool in the predictor of the causes of rhinitis.
Aluminum Hydroxide ; Asthma ; Carbonates ; Child ; Eosinophils ; Estrogens, Conjugated (USP) ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; Immunoglobulin E ; Immunoglobulins ; Inflammation ; Interviews as Topic ; Nitric Oxide ; Outpatients ; Parents ; Pediatrics ; Prevalence ; Pruritus ; Respiratory System ; Rhinitis ; Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial ; Risk Factors

The objective of this study was to fabricate Zr-Cu alloys with low elastic modulus and low magnetic susceptibility for the use as the dental biomaterials. Metallic implants, such as stainless steel, Co-Cr alloys, and Ti alloys, could be magnetized in the strong magnetic field of the MRI instrument and produce artifacts (magnetic susceptibility artifacts) on the image. The areas that cause the artifacts on images are closely related to the magnetic susceptibility. This susceptibility artifact is caused by metals, such as Ti, Co, and stainless steels, inside the body. Therefore, metallic implants with a low magnetic susceptibility are preferable for surgery performed with the assistance of an MRI. Recently, Zr-based alloys have been attracting interests as biomaterials due to their excellent mechanical properties and low magnetic susceptibility. The magnetic susceptibility of Zr-Nb was half that of Ti-6Al-4V. In addition, the magnetic susceptibility of Zr-Mo was reported almost one-third that of commercially pure Ti and Ti-6Al-4V alloy.However, there are limited reports concerning metallic biomaterials with low magnetic susceptibility for dental applications. The magnetic susceptibility of the Zr-Cu binary alloys was extremely low, approximately 10-7 ; this level is approximately one order less than that of pure Zr and other commercialized Ti-based metallic biomaterials. The Zr-Cu binary alloy exhibited moderate compressive strength (1261~1565 MPa), yield stress (432~595 MPa), favorable elongation (14~34%), high elastic energy (7.2~19.3 MJ/㎥ ) and low elastic modulus (20~28 GPa). Consequently, Zr-Cu binary alloys have the potential to be used as biomaterials with nullifying magnetic properties for magnetic resonance imaging diagnosis and a good combination of mechanical properties indicates them potential biomaterials for biological hard tissue materials

The objective of this study was to fabricate Zr-xCu and Zr-xSi alloys with low elastic modulus for preventing bone resorption in dental biomaterials. Metallic materials are widely used for orthopedic and dental applications due to their superior characteristics of mechanical properties and biocompatibility. Many metals and alloys, such as stainless steel, Co-Cr alloys, and Ti-based alloys are commonly used. Among these dental metallic materials, pure Ti and Ti-6Al-4V alloy have become the most popular metals used for the endosseous parts of the implant, bone plates, and artificial joints due to their excellent specific corrosion resistance and high biocompatibility with natural bone. Stress shield effect results in the reduction in bone density as a result of the removal of typical stress from the bone by an implant. In general, the bone in a healthy person will remodel in response to the loads it is placed under. Therefore, if the loading on a bone decreases, the bone will become less dense and weaker because there is no stimulus for continued remodeling that is required to maintain bone mass. Although Ti-based alloys have been widely used as implant components and devices, its elastic modulus (110 GPa) is much higher than that of natural human bone (10–30 GPa). Serious damage may be easily caused in the human body when the modulus of implant materials does not match the natural bone due to the stress shield effects. Therefore, in recent, persistent efforts have been done to obtain biological hard tissue materials with low elastic modulus to transfer stress to the surrounding bones effectively. The Zr-xCu binary alloy exhibited moderate compressive strength (1291-1411 MPa), yield stress (517-552 MPa), favorable elongation (16.4–49.2%), elastic energy (6.76–7.43 MJ/m3 ) and low elastic modulus (18.5–23.1 GPa). The Zr-xSi binary alloy exhibited high compressive strength (1105-1623 MPa), yield stress (673-1514 MPa), favorable elongation (6.0–27.2%), high elastic energy (10.2–34.6 MJ/m3 ) and low elastic modulus (22.3–33.1 GPa). Consequently, Zr-xCu and Zr-xSi binary alloys have the potential to be used as biomaterials with nullifying stress shield effects for biological hard tissue materials.

The objective of this study was to fabricate Zr-Cu alloys with low elastic modulus and low magnetic susceptibility for the use as the dental biomaterials. Metallic implants, such as stainless steel, Co-Cr alloys, and Ti alloys, could be magnetized in the strong magnetic field of the MRI instrument and produce artifacts (magnetic susceptibility artifacts) on the image. The areas that cause the artifacts on images are closely related to the magnetic susceptibility. This susceptibility artifact is caused by metals, such as Ti, Co, and stainless steels, inside the body. Therefore, metallic implants with a low magnetic susceptibility are preferable for surgery performed with the assistance of an MRI. Recently, Zr-based alloys have been attracting interests as biomaterials due to their excellent mechanical properties and low magnetic susceptibility. The magnetic susceptibility of Zr-Nb was half that of Ti-6Al-4V. In addition, the magnetic susceptibility of Zr-Mo was reported almost one-third that of commercially pure Ti and Ti-6Al-4V alloy.However, there are limited reports concerning metallic biomaterials with low magnetic susceptibility for dental applications. The magnetic susceptibility of the Zr-Cu binary alloys was extremely low, approximately 10-7 ; this level is approximately one order less than that of pure Zr and other commercialized Ti-based metallic biomaterials. The Zr-Cu binary alloy exhibited moderate compressive strength (1261~1565 MPa), yield stress (432~595 MPa), favorable elongation (14~34%), high elastic energy (7.2~19.3 MJ/㎥ ) and low elastic modulus (20~28 GPa). Consequently, Zr-Cu binary alloys have the potential to be used as biomaterials with nullifying magnetic properties for magnetic resonance imaging diagnosis and a good combination of mechanical properties indicates them potential biomaterials for biological hard tissue materials

The objective of this study was to fabricate Zr-xCu and Zr-xSi alloys with low elastic modulus for preventing bone resorption in dental biomaterials. Metallic materials are widely used for orthopedic and dental applications due to their superior characteristics of mechanical properties and biocompatibility. Many metals and alloys, such as stainless steel, Co-Cr alloys, and Ti-based alloys are commonly used. Among these dental metallic materials, pure Ti and Ti-6Al-4V alloy have become the most popular metals used for the endosseous parts of the implant, bone plates, and artificial joints due to their excellent specific corrosion resistance and high biocompatibility with natural bone. Stress shield effect results in the reduction in bone density as a result of the removal of typical stress from the bone by an implant. In general, the bone in a healthy person will remodel in response to the loads it is placed under. Therefore, if the loading on a bone decreases, the bone will become less dense and weaker because there is no stimulus for continued remodeling that is required to maintain bone mass. Although Ti-based alloys have been widely used as implant components and devices, its elastic modulus (110 GPa) is much higher than that of natural human bone (10–30 GPa). Serious damage may be easily caused in the human body when the modulus of implant materials does not match the natural bone due to the stress shield effects. Therefore, in recent, persistent efforts have been done to obtain biological hard tissue materials with low elastic modulus to transfer stress to the surrounding bones effectively. The Zr-xCu binary alloy exhibited moderate compressive strength (1291-1411 MPa), yield stress (517-552 MPa), favorable elongation (16.4–49.2%), elastic energy (6.76–7.43 MJ/m3 ) and low elastic modulus (18.5–23.1 GPa). The Zr-xSi binary alloy exhibited high compressive strength (1105-1623 MPa), yield stress (673-1514 MPa), favorable elongation (6.0–27.2%), high elastic energy (10.2–34.6 MJ/m3 ) and low elastic modulus (22.3–33.1 GPa). Consequently, Zr-xCu and Zr-xSi binary alloys have the potential to be used as biomaterials with nullifying stress shield effects for biological hard tissue materials.

The present report discusses four cases of chronic renal failure, which developed symptoms of parkinsonism in response to levosulpiride. The temporal relationship between levosulpiride discontinuation and the disappearance of parkinsonism suggests a causal link. In addition, decreased striatal dopamine transporter bindings assessed by [I-123] IPT SPECT were observed in two patients suggesting that a dopamine blocking agent causes the dysfunction of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons and that such injury may be involved in the pathogenesis of drug-induced parkinsonism.
Dopamine ; Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins ; Dopaminergic Neurons ; Humans ; Kidney Failure, Chronic ; Parkinsonian Disorders ; Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon

Flumazenil, an imidazobenzodiazepine, is the first benzodiazepine antagonist and is being used to reverse the adverse pharmacological effects of benzodiazepine. There have been a few reports on the central nevous system side effects with its use. We report a patient with generalized ballism following administration of flumazenil. The mechanism through which flumazenil induced this symptom is unknown. It is conceivable that flumazenil may antagonize the GABA-benzodiazepine receptor complex and induce dopamine hypersensitivity, thus induce dyskinesic symptoms.
Diagnosis, Differential ; Dyskinesias/etiology* ; Female ; Flumazenil/adverse effects* ; GABA Modulators/adverse effects* ; Human ; Middle Aged

BACKGROUND: Although relapses are known to be common in optic neuritis, there are only a few follow-up studies concerning recurrent optic neuritis. The aim of this study is to characterize the difference between monophasic and recurrent optic neuritis by analyzing clinical and laboratory spectrums of index event. METHODS: We performed a partially retrospective and prospective cohort study of patients with optic neuritis. The patients with optic neuritis were included by review of their medical records and neuroimaging studies and then followed up for the relapses of optic neuritis. Excluded were those who showed any evidence of multiple sclerosis, and those with prior demyelinating attacks. RESULTS: Thirteen of 43 enrolled patients had a recurrent optic neuritis during a mean (SD) follow up period of 58.0 (21.2) months, yielding a 5-year cumulative rate of recurrence of 39.5 percent. The patients who had CSF pleocytosis were more likely to develop a recurrent attacks (P<0.05), but neither clinical findings nor the other laboratory results appeared to influence recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that this disorder have a distinctive feature in terms of relapse and CSF pleocytosis compared with monophasic optic neuritis.
Cohort Studies ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Leukocytosis ; Medical Records ; Multiple Sclerosis ; Neuroimaging ; Optic Neuritis* ; Prospective Studies ; Recurrence ; Retrospective Studies

PURPOSE: The residual microscopic carcinoma after breast conserving surgery is the most important risk factor of local recurrence. As local recurrences usually develop around resected margins, it is ge nerally accepted that every effort should be made to achieve negative margins intraoperatively, and the presence of microscopically positive margins requires reexcision. Interestingly, sizable percentage of reexcisions results in a specimen free of residual tumor, and may not contribute to disease control, but do add morbidity, cost, and possibly compromise cosmetic result. The goal of our study was to identify which clinico-pathologic factors were associated with positive resection margin, and to identify the variables associated with no residual carcinoma on reexcision or total mastectomy specimens. METHODS: From Sepember 1994 to July 1999, 322 breast conserving surgery were performed on breast cancer patients at the Department of General Surgery, Samsung Medical Center. Among them, 13 patients had positive surgical margins and were treated with reexcision (reexcising the previous lumpectomy cavity with a margin of 1-2 cm of normal tissue) or total mastectomy. RESULTS: The factors associated with positive resection margins were large tumor size, the presence of extensive intraductal component (EIC), and suspicious mammographic microcalcifications without mass density. Six (46.3%) of these reoperation cases for positive margins were negative for residual tumor. The factors correlating with no residual carcinoma on reexcision or mastectomy specimens were small histologic primary tumor size and only one positive resection margin rather than 2 or more positive margins. CONCLUSION: The patients with above-mentioned factors associated with positive resection margins should be treated with more wide local excision or total mastectomy to avoid a second surgical procedure. If the patients with only one positive margin and small tumor size refuse second operation, they could be treated with irradiation only sparing an additional surgical procedure.
Breast Neoplasms ; Breast* ; Humans ; Mastectomy ; Mastectomy, Segmental* ; Mastectomy, Simple ; Neoplasm, Residual ; Recurrence ; Reoperation* ; Risk Factors