No abstract available.
Cholangitis, Sclerosing*

The clincopathologic features of microcystic adnexal carcinoma are presented. Microcystic adnexal carcinoma is a recently described, very rare neoplasm characterized by a locally aggressive growth pattern, and as far as we know, only two reports on the microcystic adnexal carcinoma have been published in the Korean literature. Recently we experienced two cases of microcystic adnexal carcimoma occurred in a 32-year-old male and 27-year-old female patient. They had 2.5 x 2.0 x 2.0 cm and 1.2 x 0.9 x 0.9 cm sized, slowly growing mass in the glabella and below the lower lip, respectively. The immunohistochemical staining for CEA antigen stains the glandular structures but not pilar structures. So we thinked that this tumor would be originated from primitive adnexal cells differentiating into both pilar and eccrine structures.
Female ; Male ; Humans

Many authors have been reported that the abdominal trauma, especially injury of the liver and spleen, is frequently found with lower rib fractures, below the ninth rib fractures and the incidence was about 20 to 30%. In cases of rib fractures, Intra- abdominal organs may be injured in the higher rib fractures than the ninth because the diaphragm is elevated at the level of filth intercostal space in expiration period and the intra-abdominal lesions are often delayed evaluated due to the pain of the fractures and masked by the other injuries of the head and the extremities. So above reasons, we were often questioned what the level of rib fracture we must evaluate the intra-abdominal injury was? So we investigated 452 patients with rib fractures who visited our emergency medical center from 1995, January to 1996, December and divided into two groups according to the prescience of intra-abdominal organ injuries by each the level of rib fractures. The number of patients with intra-abdominal organ injuries were 75(16.6%) and the most frequently damaged organ was the liver(25 cases, 33.3%). We calculated the statistical values of each level of rib fractures by the Chi-Square method and got a result that the level of rib fracture we must evaluate the intra-abdominal injuries was the sixth rib fracture. Therefore, if we will meet the patients with rib fracture below the sixth, we must have attentions to the intra-abdominal injuries and evaluate the abdomen closely with various diagnostic methods.
Abdomen ; Attention ; Diaphragm ; Emergencies ; Extremities ; Head ; Humans ; Incidence ; Liver ; Masks ; Rib Fractures* ; Ribs* ; Spleen

A clinical observation was made on 201 cases of pediatric in-patients with urological diseases in the Department of Urology, Korea General Hospital, from September 1, 1972 to August 31, 1979. The results obtained were as follows. 1) Among 1009 cases of urological in-patients for the past 7 years, 201 cases belong patients giving 19.9%. 2) Yearly number of pediatric in-patients showed no increasing tendency. 3) The proportion of male to female pediatric urologic in-patients was 17: 1. The preschool children (1 to 6 years of age) were most frequently seen and giving a rate of 44.8% of the pediatric urologic in-patients. 4) The most frequently involved organ was scrotal contents, giving a rate of 57.7%. Urethral diseases was 14.9%, penile diseases l0.9%, renal diseases 8.5%. 5) The congenital anomaly was most frequent, showing l55 cases of total pediatric urologic in-patients (77.2%). The most common disease of the congenital anomaly was hydrocele in 60 cases (29.9%) and cryptorchism 47 cases (23.4%), hypospadia 24 cases (11.9%), phimosis 16 cases (8.0%) in order. 6) Of 201 cases, operation was performed in 179 cases (88.6%). The most common operation was hydrocelectomy 60 cases (33.5%), orchiopexy 47 cases (26.3%), circumcision 22 cases(12.3%), chordectomy 17 cases (9.5%), urethroplasty 7 cases (3.9%) in order.
Child, Preschool ; Circumcision, Male ; Cryptorchidism ; Female ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Hypospadias ; Korea ; Male ; Orchiopexy ; Pediatrics ; Penile Diseases ; Phimosis ; Urethral Diseases ; Urologic Diseases* ; Urology

OBJECTIVE: Fetal heart rate in embryos(6-8 gestational weeks) have been significantly related to fetal outcome, but have rarely been studied. We attempted to identify fetal heart rate during 6-8 gestational weeks. Our purpose was to determine the lower limit of the heart rate associated with a favorable outcome and to evaluate the prognosis for those embryos with slow heart rates in early period. METHODS: We prospectively studied 798 singleton pregnancies between Jul. 1997-Dec. 1999 visiting our hospital. Gestational age was calculated from the beginning of the last menstrual period in the case of regular cycle and was confirmed by the crown-rump length. Other cases were measured by crown-rump length or mean gestational sac diameter. Color doppler sonography was used to calculate the fetal heart rate in beats per minute as the mean of 3 waves. RESULTS: Mean fetal heart rate (+/-SD) were 114.08+/-15.40 bpm for group 1, 126.49+/-18.78 for group 2, 139.83+/-19.92 for group 3, and 149.58+/-23.34 for group 4(p<0.001). Prognosis in the first trimester improved as heart rate increased to 100 bpm in group 1 and 120 bpm in group 2. In group 3 and 4, most of fetus with heart rates below 110 bpm died. CONCLUSIONS: The fetal heart rate during 6-8 gestational weeks is associated with fetal outcome at the end of the first trimester and we can identify the fetuses that are in risk.
Crown-Rump Length ; Embryonic Structures ; Female ; Fetal Heart* ; Fetus ; Gestational Age ; Gestational Sac ; Heart Rate ; Heart Rate, Fetal* ; Humans ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Trimester, First ; Pregnancy* ; Prognosis ; Prospective Studies ; Ultrasonography*

Diagnostic peritoneal lavage is a accurate and safe method confirming the intraabdominal injury with head trauma, unstable multiple injuried patients. But the development of imaging technique and the trend in noninvasive diagnostic value is decreasing now. In the emergency room, the emergency physicians are required the rapidity and accuracy' in intial assessment and the decisions for the operation or not. So emergency physicians have been investigating the diagnostic method for intraabdomial injury that is more rapid, safe and accurate. Many diagnostic tools are developed and now accepted and used widely, among them the diagnostic peritoneal lavage is still the best method for unsatble or head injuries patients. But the positive diagnostic criterias are variable by many authors and still remain imperfectly. So our study was reviewed by medical record of patients who were undertaken the diagnostic peritoneal lavage for the diagnosis intraabdominal injury and statistical analyasis was done compared with many criteria of red blood cell and white blood cell for the more actuate way. A retrospective study of diagnostic peritoneal lavage was done of 90 patients with blunt abdominal trauma during 2 years from January, 1996 to December, 1997 and summerized our experience. The results were as follows; 1) There are 73 males and 17 females in sex. The most common type of injury was the traffic accident. 2) With many variable criteria of RBC and WBC, the accuracy and the false positive and false negative were not different in statistical results. The average accuracy was 80.1%. 3) The operations were done in 30(33.3%) cases, and the most frequent injuried organ was the small bowel, 20 cases(66.7%).
Accidents, Traffic ; Craniocerebral Trauma ; Diagnosis ; Emergencies ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; Erythrocytes ; Female ; Humans ; Leukocytes ; Male ; Medical Records ; Peritoneal Lavage* ; Retrospective Studies

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the follicle stimulating hormone(FSH) receptor gene mutation (C566T point mutation) is present in Korean women with premature ovarian failure and normal karyotype. METHODS: Genomic deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA) obtained from 40 patients with chromosomally competent premature ovarian failure and from 30 normal fertile women(control group) was amplified by polymerase chain reaction(PCR). PCR products were digested by the enzyme BsmI and polyacrylamide gel(PAG) elctrophoretic patterns of these enzyme-digested products were analyzed. The direct sequencing of PCR products was also performed. RESULTS: All patients with premature ovarian failure and 30 normal control women demonstrated homozygous, normal alleles with 51- and 27- base pairs fragments in PAG elctrophoresis. The absence of C566T point mutation in both group was confirmed by direct DNA sequencing. CONCLUSIONS: A C566T mutation in FSH receptor gene is rare in Korean women with premature ovarian failure and normal karyotype.
Alleles ; Base Pairing ; Female ; Follicle Stimulating Hormone* ; Humans ; Karyotype* ; Point Mutation ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Primary Ovarian Insufficiency* ; Receptors, FSH* ; Sequence Analysis, DNA

BACKGROUND: It is well known that renal TGFbeta expression is related to the development of diabetic nephropathy. Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA), a potent antioxidant and cofactor of mitochondrial respiratory enzymes, can improve the insulin resistance and the vascular endothelial dysfunction, and suppresses the development of diabetic vascular complications. This study was undertaken to investigate whether ALA could reduce urinary protein excretion and renal TGFbeta protein expression in obese type 2 diabetes mellitus animal model, Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rat. METHODS: Obese 30 male OLETF rats were randomly divided to 3 groups at the age of 30 weeks. The rats in the Control group fed normal rat chow while the rats in the ALA group were fed with rat chow containing ALA (0.5% of food weight). Ten rats in the Pair-fed group were fed with normal rat chow, but were given the same amount of food as consumed by the ALA group. During 5 weeks of ALA feeding, food intake and body weight were checked in metabolic chamber. Blood glucose levels, HbA1c and urinary protein excretion were measured at 30 weeks and 35 weeks of age, and renal TGFbeta protein expression at 35 weeks of age was measured by Western blot and represented by relative unit (RU). Immunohistochemical staining for TGFbeta protein in renal tissue was also examined at 35 weeks of age. RESULTS: Food intake, body weight, blood glucose levels, HbA1c and urinary protein excretion among the Control, ALA and Pair-fed groups at 30 weeks of age were not different. At 35 weeks of age, food intake was significantly decreased in the ALA group than the Control group (Control group vs. ALA group, 27.7 +/- 1.1 g/day vs. 22.4 +/- 1.4 g/day, P < 0.001), and body weight was significantly decreased in the ALA group than the Control and Pair-fed groups (Control group: 694.4 +/- 10.3 g, ALA group: 600.4 +/- 7.4 g, Pair-fed group: 685.4 +/- 11.6 g, P < 0.001). Blood glucose levels were significantly decreased in the ALA group than the Control and Pair-fed groups (Control group: 157.7 +/- 4.6 mg/dL, ALA group: 130.7 +/- 4.8 mg/dL, Pair-fed group: 153.7 +/- 3.3 mg/dL, P < 0.001) although blood glucose levels from 30 weeks to 34 weeks of age and HbA1c at 35 weeks of age were not different among the groups. Urinary protein excretion and renal TGFbeta protein expression were significantly decreased in the ALA group than the Control and Pair-fed groups (urinary protein excretion, Control group: 5.033 +/- 0.254 mg/mgCr, ALA group: 3.633 +/- 0.303 mg/mgCr, Pair-fed group: 4.977 +/- 0.339 mg/mgCr, P < 0.001; renal TGFbeta protein expression, Control group: 7.09 +/- 0.17 RU, ALA group: 4.14 +/- 0.26 RU, Pair-fed group: 7.00 +/- 0.29 RU, P < 0.001). In the ALA group at 35 weeks of age, urinary protein excretion and renal TGFbeta protein expression were positively related in the Control, ALA and Pair-fed groups (Control group, r = 0.847, P = 0.002; ALA group, r = 0.954, P < 0.001; Pair-fed group, r = 0.858, P = 0.002). TGFbeta staining in glomeruli was observed in all groups but was decreased in the ALA group at 35 weeks of age. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that ALA may prevent the increase of food intake, body weight, blood glucose, urinary protein excretion and renal TGFbeta protein expression in obese type 2 diabetic rat model. The effect of ALA on diabetic nephropathy presented as proteinuria and renal TGFbeta expression in diabetic patients needs to be further clarified.
Animals ; Blood Glucose ; Blotting, Western ; Body Weight ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Diabetic Angiopathies ; Diabetic Nephropathies ; Eating ; Humans ; Insulin Resistance ; Male ; Models, Animal ; Proteinuria ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred OLETF ; Thioctic Acid ; Transforming Growth Factor beta

No abstract available.
Hemorrhage*

The purpose of this study was to investigate learners' opinion about the experience of online continuing medical education, and the effectiveness of it. The study was conducted on online continuing medical education courses conducted as a model case by Konggi-do Medical Association and VirtualMD Co., Ltd with the approval of Korean Medical Association, from July through December, 2002. Fifteen online multimedia courses, supported by learning management system and e-test(electronic assessment) system, were opened. Learners' internet log data, and answers to a questionnaire were collected. And a pre-test post-test design experiment was implemented to measure the effectiveness of learning. The results showed that doctors are already technically and environmentally ready to take online continuing medical education and have correct understanding about the necessity and benefits of online continuing medical education. The difference between the pre-test score and the post-test score was statistically significant(t=3.24, p<.01), and practically significant(Effect Size=.89).
Education, Medical, Continuing* ; Internet ; Learning ; Multimedia ; Surveys and Questionnaires