No abstract available.
Insulin Resistance* ; Insulin*

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder in which neuronal loss causes cognitive decline and other neuropsychiatric problems. It can be diagnosed based on history, examination, and appropriate objective assessments, using standard criteria such as the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders or the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke and the Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association (NINCDS-ADRDA). Brain imaging and biomarkers are making progress in the differential diagnoses among the different disorders. The cholinesterase inhibitors, donepezil, rivastigmine and galantamine and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors antagonist memantine are approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for AD. Recently some acetylcholinesterase inhibitors gained approval for the treatment of severe AD and became available in a higher dose formulation or a patch formulation. Optimal care in AD is multifactorial and it should include early diagnosis and multidisciplinary care with pharmacological and nonpharmacological interventions including exercise interventions, cognitive interventions and maintenance of social networks.
Alzheimer Disease* ; Biomarkers ; Cholinesterase Inhibitors ; Communication Disorders ; Diagnosis* ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ; Early Diagnosis ; Galantamine ; Memantine ; Neurodegenerative Diseases ; Neuroimaging ; Neurons ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate ; Rivastigmine ; Stroke ; United States Food and Drug Administration

Reconstructjon of old anterior cruciate ligament injury was divided into extraarticular and intraarticular group. The intraarticular ligament reconstruction was a reliable method to correct the rotational axis of knee joint instability. Authors studied 10 cases in 10 patients who were treated by reconstruction of anterior cruciate ligament using patellar tendon under arthroscopy from January, 1988 to June, 1989. The follow up period was over 10 months. 7 cases were negative in Lachman test and 2 cases had mild instability of knee joint. The postoperative result was excellent in 3 cases, good in 4 cases, fair in 1 case, and failure in 1 case according to Clancy's evaluation. We concluded that the reconstruction of anterior cruciate ligament injury using patellar tendon under arthroscopy was an effective method in the treatment of old anterior knee instability.
Anterior Cruciate Ligament ; Arthroscopy ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Knee ; Knee Joint ; Ligaments ; Methods ; Patellar Ligament

Although acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (e.g., tacrine, donepezil, rivastigmine, and galantamine) and NMDA receptor antagonists (e.g., memantin) have demonstrated efficacy in the temporal symptomatic control of cognitive decline and daily function in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, their effect is not good enough to restore premorbid function, nor is it maintained in the later stages. Therefore, nonpharmacological interventions are being increasingly advocated in order to optimize the cognition, affect and global functioning of AD patients. We reviewed the current nonpharmacological interventions for AD. Nonpharmacological interventions can be divided into two groups. One is cognitive interventions (e.g., Memory rehabilitations, Reality orientation, Reminiscence therapy and so on) and the other is behavioral interventions (e.g., unmet needs interventions, learning and behavioral interventions, environmental vulnerability and reduced stress-threshold interventions). Cognitive interventions are aimed to slow and compensate cognitive decline of AD patients. On the other hand, behavioral interventions are aimed to reduce neuropsychiatric symptoms (depression, anxiety, agitation, wandering, aggression and so on) of AD patients. Although many of the nonpharmacological interventions have proven beneficial for AD patients, their efficacy was still ambiguous. Randomized and controlled study with a larger sample size is needed to confirm efficacy of nonpharmacological interventions.
Aggression ; Alzheimer Disease ; Anxiety ; Cholinesterase Inhibitors ; Cognition ; Dihydroergotamine ; Hand ; Humans ; Indans ; Learning ; Memory ; N-Methylaspartate ; Orientation ; Phenylcarbamates ; Piperidines ; Rivastigmine ; Sample Size ; Tacrine

In the published article by Choi et al., a part of expression of the Abstract and the Conclusion section in the main body text have been corrected. Underlined text should be read carefully.

BACKGROUND: We investigated the risk factors for the recurrence of anterior shoulder instability after arthroscopic surgery with suture anchors and the clinical outcomes after reoperation. METHODS: A total of 281 patients (February 2001 to December 2012) were enrolled into our study, and postoperative subluxation and dislocation were considered as recurrence of the condition. We analyzed radiologic results and functional outcome including the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Evaluation Form, the Korean Shoulder Society Score, and the Rowe scores. RESULTS: Of the 281 patients, instability recurred in 51 patients (18.1%). Sixteen out of 51 patients (31.4%) received a reoperation. In terms of the functional outcome, we found that the intact group, comprising patients without recurrence, had a significantly better functional outcome than those in the recurrent group. The size of glenoid defect at the time of initial surgery significantly differed between intact and recurrent group (p<0.05). We found that the number of dislocations, the time from the initial presentation of symptoms to surgery, and the number of anchor points significantly differed between initial operation and revision group (p<0.05). The functional outcome after revision surgery was comparable to intact group after initial operation. CONCLUSIONS: Eighteen percent of recurrence occurred after arthroscopic instability surgery, and 5.6% received reoperation surgery. Risk factors for recurrence was the initial size of glenoid defect. In cases of revision surgery, good clinical outcomes could be achieved using additional suture anchor.
Arthroscopy* ; Dislocations ; Elbow ; Humans ; Joint Instability ; Recurrence* ; Reoperation ; Risk Factors* ; Shoulder* ; Surgeons ; Suture Anchors* ; Sutures*

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluated the difference of depressive symptoms and attention between estrogen user and non-user in postmenopausal women. METHODS: 30 Estrogen users and 30 non-users were participated in this study. They were all menopausal for at least 1 year and have 12 or more education years. We used BDI(Beck Depression Inventory), digit span and digit symbol to evaluate depressive symptoms and attention in both groups. We also measured the plasma estradiol level and identified the correlation between estradiol level and BDI, digit span and digit symbol. RESULTS: The demographic data was not different between both groups. Estrogen users scored higher than non-users in digit span(forward) and lower than non-users in BDI. The correlation between estradiol level BDI, digit span and digit symbol was not significant. CONCLUSION: Estrogen replacement therapy was effective in alleviation depressive symptoms but ineffective in improving attention in postmenopausal women.
Depression* ; Education ; Estradiol ; Estrogen Replacement Therapy* ; Estrogens* ; Female ; Humans ; Plasma

No abstract available.
Lung* ; Lymph Nodes* ; Neoplasm Metastasis*

The most common pathogen of respiratory tract infection among school-age children and adolescents is Mycoplasma pneumoniae, which causes clinical manifestations of pneumonia, acute asthmatic attack, pharygitis, and tonsilitis. It can also cause extrapulmonary infections that involves skin, the nervous system, the digestive system, the cardiovascular system, and the hematopoietic system. It is reported that the central nervous system symptoms may occur in 0.1% to 7% of patients hospitalized with Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Direct invasion, toxin, immune-mediated, and vascular phenomenon have been proposed for the etiology of the neurological manifestations. We have experienced a six-year-old male patient with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia who had complained of both leg pains and immobility two weeks after the onset of pneumonia, which was confirmed as peripheral neuropathy of Guillain-Barr syndrome. Three weeks after the disease-onset, altered consciousness and seizure attacks developed and intravenous immunoglobulins infused under the impression of encephalitis induced by Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. He showed complete recovery of running and mentality five months after the disease-onset. We herein report a case of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia complicated with Guillain-Barr Syndrome and encephalitis about 2 or 3 weeks after the disease onset with a review of literatures.
Adolescent ; Cardiovascular System ; Central Nervous System ; Child ; Consciousness ; Digestive System ; Encephalitis* ; Guillain-Barre Syndrome* ; Hematopoietic System ; Humans ; Immunoglobulins ; Immunoglobulins, Intravenous ; Leg ; Male ; Mycoplasma pneumoniae* ; Mycoplasma* ; Nervous System ; Neurologic Manifestations ; Palatine Tonsil ; Peripheral Nervous System Diseases ; Pneumonia* ; Pneumonia, Mycoplasma* ; Respiratory Tract Infections ; Running ; Seizures ; Skin

Objectives: ：Although subclinical depression symptoms are associated with suicidal idea, most research have focused on clinical depression such as major depressive disorder or dysthymia. The aim of this study is to investigate network structure of depressive symptom and to reveal which symptoms are associated with suicidal ideation. Methods: ：We used part of data from the seventh Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Participants were between 19 and 65 years of age (N=8,741). Network analysis with Isingfit model is used to reveal network structure of depressive symptoms and most central symptom and edges assessed by patient health questionnaire (PHQ-9). Results: ：The most two central symptoms were psychomotor activity and suicidal ideation. The strongest edge was psychomotor activity-suicidal ideation. Suicidal ideation also has strong association with depressive mood and worthlessness. Conclusions ：These results suggest that psychomotor activity and suicidal ideation can serve as treatment target for subclinical depression and psychomotor activity, worthlessness and depressed mood may be important factor for early intervention of suicidal ideation.