Nasal congestion is one of the most common symptoms of medical complaints. Snoring is caused by vibration of the uvula and the soft palate. Nasal obstruction may contribute not only to snoring and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) but also impair application of continuous nasal positive airway pressure (CPAP), which is the most widely employed treatment for OSA. Total or near-total nasal obstruction leads to mouth breathing and has been shown to cause increased airway resistance. However, the exact role of the nasal airway in the pathogenesis of OSA is not clear and there is no consensus about the role of nasal obstruction in snoring and sleep apnea. Some reports have failed to demonstrate any correlation between snoring and nasal obstruction. On the other hand, opposing reports suggest that nasal disease may cause sleep disorders and that snoring can be improved after nasoseptal surgery. Reduced cross-sectional area causes increased nasal resistance and predisposes the patient to inspiratory collapse of the oropharynx, hypopharynx, or both. Discrete abnormalities of the nasal airway, such as septal deformities, nasal polyps, and choanal atresia and with certain mucosal conditions such as sinusitis, allergic rhinitis and inferior turbinate hypertrophy can cause snoring or OSA. Thus, these sources of nasal obstruction should be corrected medically or surgically for the effective management of OSA and adjunctive for CPAP.
Airway Resistance ; Choanal Atresia ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Consensus ; Estrogens, Conjugated (USP) ; Hand ; Humans ; Hypertrophy ; Hypopharynx ; Mouth Breathing ; Nasal Obstruction ; Nasal Polyps ; Nose ; Nose Diseases* ; Oropharynx ; Palate, Soft ; Rhinitis ; Sinusitis ; Sleep Apnea Syndromes* ; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive ; Sleep Wake Disorders ; Snoring* ; Turbinates ; Uvula ; Vibration

Since Senoo and Lincicome (1951) first have brought up for attention to the existence of malayan filariasis in Korea, several reports on the epidemiological investigations of the disease had already been made by many workers. However it is little known what kind of mosquitoes are involved as the major vectors in main endemic areas. In Cheju-Do, known as one of main endemic areas in Korea, Aedes togoi is most likely suspected as an important vector because of their abundant collections and vigorous biting attack to human. As a part of studies on filariasis in Korea, an essential preliminary is to determiine whether this mosquito, Aedes togoi collected in the above areas is receptive to the microfilariae of B. malayi. Therefore, the present paper is concerned chiefly with the development of B. malayi in A. togoi. It is also hoped that the studies on the larval morphology in the mosquito host and the structure of microfilariae will provide the base line data required for later investigation of the different vector hosts. The studies were summarized as follows: The measurements of the fixed points in percentage of the body length of microfilariae from the Giemsa stained thick films were made, and they showed that cephalic space was 8 percent,cephalic space length to width, 1.3:1, nerve ring, 21.2 percent, excretory pore, 30.8 percent, excretory cell, 36.5 percent, R1 cell, 66. 5 percent, anus 80.4 percent and body length 202 micrometer(l81-228 micrometer) maximun width 7.6 micrometer. A study on the development of microfilaria malayi in the mosquito, Aedes togoi was carried out at room temperature (24-30 C). Mosquitoes used in this experiment were reared from larvae collected from the tide water rock pool in the coastal areas of Cheju-Do and they were fed with a blood meal of carrier donors whose microfilaria densities were in the range from 0.5 to 0.7 per cmm of blood. All of the microfilariae ingested by mosquito exsheathed in stomach, penetrated into the body cavity and then migrated into the thoracic muscles of the mosquitoes within 10 hours, after two moults in the mosquito host, the length of the developing 3rd stage larvae reached in size of 1.3-1.7 mm x 23-32 microns with anal ratio, 2.6 to 3.6. The first appearance of 3rd stage larvae in the mosquito host in this experiment was in 8th day after infection. The larvae were observed in the various cavities of mosquito, such as head, thoracic cavity, abdomen, halters, eye and legs. During the larval development in larval development in the host, the shortening of body length was first observed and then elnongation was followed until becoming 3rd stage larvae. Aedes togoi was proved to be the most suitable host for this species of microfilaria malayi in the above endemic areas.
parasitology-helminth-nematoda-Brugia malayi ; filariasis ; epidemiology ; mosquito ; life cycle ; vector

It has been well known that infertile women experience not only emotional disturbance but also stress. But there is no concern about male infertility patients. So phychiat.ic symptoms were studied with SCL-90 (Symptom Check List-90) in 30 infertile men who was operated testicular sperm extraction (TESE) in Samsung Cheil Hospital and in age matched 31 fertile men from Jan. 1998 to Aug. 1998. In 5 symptom dimensions (Obcessive-Compulsive, Interpersonal Sensitivity, Depression, Phobic anxiety, Psychoticisim) scores. The Infertile group scored significantly higher than the control group. The result revealed that infertile men also experienced substantially more psychiatric symptoms than fertile men. Considering this results, psychiatric evaluation and tender care by infertility specialist are necessary for infertile men during and after evaluation and treatment.
Affective Symptoms ; Anxiety ; Depression ; Female ; Humans ; Infertility ; Infertility, Male* ; Male ; Male* ; Specialization ; Spermatozoa

Reconstruction of cruciate ligament has been controversial. Autogenous grafts has been used with inconsistent success rates due to their variable strength and limited length. If any autograft could cover such drawbacks it could surpass the advantage of artificial ligaments also. Recently, we used partial Achilles tendon autograft in reconstructive operation of anterior cruciate ligament with promising result. The main advantages of this Achilles tendon autograft are its sufficient length and strength. Preliminary study was done in 11 patients who received reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament using partial Achilles tendon autograft. The results were as followings :l. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions were done in 11 patients, with follow-ups ranging from 5 to 12 months, average being 8 months. 2. Average preoperative knee score was 49.1, and it was improved up to 87.4 after operation. 3. Among the 11 patients, 6 belonged to the Excellent, 4 to good, and 1 to fair. 4. Achilles tendon autograft turned out to be a good autograft substitute for the anterior crucate deficient knee. The results were promising. Long-term follow-up is needed to confirm the final status of the operated knee.
Achilles Tendon ; Anterior Cruciate Ligament ; Autografts ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Knee ; Ligaments ; Transplants

Clinical survey was performed on 413 cases of twin pregnancies and their 816 twin babies who were born at IlSin Christian Hospital during 5years from January 1987 to December 1991. The result of study was as follows: 1) there was 413 twin pregnancies among 40,711 deliveries, so the incidence of twins was 1:98.6. Average male-female sex ratio of twins was 1.3:1, same sex pairs rate was 86% and different sex ratio was 14%. 2) The incidence of relation with maternal age was highest between 25 years old and 29 years old but the ratio of twin delivery to total delivery was 0.9% so, was not higher than other age group. 3) The incidence of relation with maternal parity was highest at first pregnancy but the ratio of twin delivery to total delivery was highest at second pregnancies. 4) Normal birth weight infants were 45.7%, low birth weight infants were 54.3% and very low birth weight infants was 9.3%. Fullt-erm infants were 63.7% and prematurity were 35.4%. 5) The incidence of feto-fetal transfusion was 7.3%. 6) Perinatal death rate was 76.3 and was more higher in second babies. The most common cause of perinatal death was prematurity, followed by respiratory complication, congenital anomaly, infection and asphyxia. Still-births were 8 cases.
Adult ; Asphyxia ; Birth Weight ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infant ; Infant, Low Birth Weight ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Very Low Birth Weight ; Maternal Age ; Mortality ; Parity ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy, Twin ; Sex Ratio ; Twins*

OBJECTIVES: The study was to examine major factors that affect suicidal ideation of elderly in urban areas. METHODS: The subjects were 302 elders who voluntarily participated in the study. The instruments for this study were scale for suicidal ideation(19 items), family concord (20 items), CED-depression(20 items) and family inventor of life events and changes(FILE, 22 items). Frequency, percentage, t-test, ANOVA, Duncan test, Pearson' correlation coefficient, stepwise multiple regression with SPSS program were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: The average score of suicidal ideation was 14.88. Suicidal ideation was positively related to depression and stress, but negatively related to family concord. depression, family concord, stress and health status accounted for 86.1% of the variance in suicidal ideation. These results suggest that family concord, depression and stress can be potential risk factors for suicide of elderly. CONCLUSIONS: These findings may give useful information for developing suicidal prevention program on old age.
Aged* ; Depression ; Humans ; Inventors ; Risk Factors ; Suicidal Ideation* ; Suicide

PURPOSE: This study was done to identify trends in leadership-related research by reviewing studies on hospital nurses in South Korea.METHODS: The research was conducted from April 2 to 14, 2018 and search databases were RISS, KISS, DBpia, KM base, NAL, and NDSL. Search terms were ‘leadership’ and ‘nursing’ in the Korean language, and total 141 papers were selected.RESULTS: Analysis of the research on leadership showed that 96.4% of research methods were quantitative research, and 60.3% were predictive researches. For study settings, 46.2% were general hospitals, 96.5% were staff nurses. In the study of leadership variables, 60.3% were independent variables and recent leadership was used as a mediating variable (4.3%) and a moderating variable (2.8%). Among the leadership types, self-leadership (31.2%) was the most common, and the main variable related to leadership was job satisfaction (25.8%).CONCLUSION: These results provide useful data for deriving new research ideas about nursing leadership. Furthermore, this study has significance for providing the evidence for developing new leadership programs and policies in nursing organizations.
Hospitals, General ; Job Satisfaction ; Korea ; Leadership ; Negotiating ; Nursing ; Nursing Research

During tumor progression, a subset of cells acquires metastatic properties, presumably through a series of genetic alterations. As the result, cells detach from the primary tumor, penetrate the basement membrane and invade the adjacent structures including lymph and blood vessels. Loss of adhesive functions and gain of new adhesive functions are thought to play a crucial role in this metastatic cascade. Since tumor metastasis is the principle cause of death for cancer patients including colon cancer, there is a consensus that a search for tools that allow effective assessment of the metastatic potential of tumors is a prime goal for cancer research. An immunohistochemical study of cell adhesion molecules, CD44H and its variant CD44v6, was done to evaluate their relationship with known prognostic factors related to the progression and metastasis of colorectal carcinoma in 94 cases of colorectal carcinoma tissues. The results were as follows. The CD44H expression was detected in 90 (95.7%) and CD44v6 in 53 (56.4%) out of 94 cases of colorectal carcinoma, and the CD44H was overexpressed in tumor tissue more than in normal mucosa in 62% of the cases. The expression rates of both protein were not significantly correlated with age and sex of the patients, invasion depth, lymph node metastasis, tumor differentiation, and tumor site. The coexpression of CD44H and CD44v6 in tumor was significant (p<0.05). The above results suggest that overexpression of CD44H and loss of function to control the alternative splicing of CD44 mRNA resulting in CD44v6 expression and alteration of adhesive function are closely associated with tumorigenesis of the colorectum.
Adhesives ; Alternative Splicing ; Basement Membrane ; Blood Vessels ; Carcinogenesis ; Cause of Death ; Cell Adhesion Molecules* ; Cell Adhesion* ; Colonic Neoplasms ; Colorectal Neoplasms* ; Consensus ; Humans ; Lymph Nodes ; Mucous Membrane ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Prognosis ; RNA, Messenger

PURPOSE: Growth hormone(GH) has been recognized as an effective treatment for short children born small for their gestational ages(SGA), and nowadays it has been widely used for the treatment of short children born SGA. The aim of this study is to assess the efficacy of GH treatment for the children born SGA. METHODS: The study population was made of 40 short children born SGA with GH-treated(n=26) and untreated control group(n=14). In order to evaluate the effect of GH treatment, the changes in standard deviation scores(SDS) of the GH-treated group were compared to the changes in SDS before and after treatment from the control group in the same period. RESULTS: There were no differences between the GH-treated group and the control group in gestational age, birth weight, chronological age, target height and the period of follow-up observation; however, the GH-treated group had lower height SDS(-3.3+/-0.9) than the control group(-2.4+/-0.4) before treatment(P<0.05). The GH-treated group had gained 1.2+/-1.0 height SDS during GH treatment while the control group had gained 0.5+/-0.6 height SDS. In the GH treatment group, HDL-cholesterol increased from 48.5+/-9.9 mg/dL to 56.1+/-8.7 mg/dL(P<0.05) and LDL-cholesterol decreased from 88.1+/-23.3 mg/dL to 76.4+/-19.4 mg/dL(P<0.05) after treatment. There were no changes in total cholesterol, triglyceride, free fatty acid and fasting blood sugar. IGF-I increased from 224.9+/-191.3 microgram/L to 443.2+/-152.5 microgram/L(P<0.05) and IGFBP-3 also increased from 3.7+/-1.3 mg/L to 5.6+/-1.2 mg/L(P<0.05). CONCLUSION: We conclude that growth hormone treatment is effective in the treatment of short children born SGA.
Birth Weight ; Blood Glucose ; Child* ; Cholesterol ; Fasting ; Follow-Up Studies ; Gestational Age* ; Growth Hormone* ; Humans ; Infant ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3 ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I ; Triglycerides

Malignant acanthosis nigricans is very rare disease. The disease is related with internal malignancy, especially gastrointestinal tract malignancy. Reported occurrence rate of malignant acanthosis nigricans associated internal malignancies are 64% of stomach adenocarcinoma, 27% of other organs of abdomen (liver, gall bladder, small intestine, rectum, uterus, ovary), 9% of non-abdominal organs(breast, lung). We report a case of malignant acanthosis nigricans associated with stomach adenocarcinoma from 20-year-old female and discuss review of literature on a acanthosis nigricans briefly.
Female ; Humans ; Adenocarcinoma