In order to assess the microbiological contamination of laboratory mice and rats in Korea over the 2-year period from 2007 to 2008, we monitored animals housed in mouse and rat facilities equipped with barrier systems. In a barrier animal facility in Korea, the most important viruses in the identified pathogen were the mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) and Pasteurella (Pa.) pneumotropica, and Staphylococcus aureus was identified as the most common bacterial pathogen in Korea. The most commonly detected parasite in the identified pathogen was Trichomonas spp. in the mouse facilities and Entamoeba spp. in the rat facilities. In many cases, these pathogen-contaminated animals were genetically modified animals obtained from the university. Currently, consistent with the increased transfer of genetically modified animals between domestic and foreign animal facilities, the Pa. pneumotropica and parasites infection rates were shown to have increased as compared to those of the 2004-2006 period. Indeed, the MHV infection rate has been maintained at almost 20% in Korean animal facilities over the past 10 years. These results showed that effective quarantine programs for contaminated genetically engineered mutant mice and the monitoring of regular or irregular MHV monitoring in animal colonies should help to reduce pathogen contamination in Korean animal facilities.
Animals ; Animals, Genetically Modified ; Entamoeba ; Korea ; Mice ; Murine hepatitis virus ; Parasites ; Pasteurella ; Quarantine ; Rats ; Sendai virus ; Staphylococcus aureus ; Trichomonas

In order to assess the microbiological contamination of laboratory mice and rats in Korea over the 2-year period from 2007 to 2008, we monitored animals housed in mouse and rat facilities equipped with barrier systems. In a barrier animal facility in Korea, the most important viruses in the identified pathogen were the mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) and Pasteurella (Pa.) pneumotropica, and Staphylococcus aureus was identified as the most common bacterial pathogen in Korea. The most commonly detected parasite in the identified pathogen was Trichomonas spp. in the mouse facilities and Entamoeba spp. in the rat facilities. In many cases, these pathogen-contaminated animals were genetically modified animals obtained from the university. Currently, consistent with the increased transfer of genetically modified animals between domestic and foreign animal facilities, the Pa. pneumotropica and parasites infection rates were shown to have increased as compared to those of the 2004-2006 period. Indeed, the MHV infection rate has been maintained at almost 20% in Korean animal facilities over the past 10 years. These results showed that effective quarantine programs for contaminated genetically engineered mutant mice and the monitoring of regular or irregular MHV monitoring in animal colonies should help to reduce pathogen contamination in Korean animal facilities.
Animals ; Animals, Genetically Modified ; Entamoeba ; Korea ; Mice ; Murine hepatitis virus ; Parasites ; Pasteurella ; Quarantine ; Rats ; Sendai virus ; Staphylococcus aureus ; Trichomonas

Animals ; Apoptosis ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Down-Regulation ; Melanoma, Experimental ; pathology ; virology ; Mice ; Receptor, IGF Type 1 ; physiology ; Sendai virus ; pathogenicity

Paramyxovirus Tianjin strain is the high-pathogenic virus to primate and might also cause human lower respiratory tract infection. To determine the genome structure, variation features and phylogenetic position, the complete nucleotide sequence of paramyxovirus Tianjin strain was analyzed. The homology comparison and phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide and the deduced amino acid sequences among paramyxovirus Tianjin strain and the 28 strains in seven genera and the 7 unclassified viruses of Paramyxoviridae were performed. The results suggested that Tianjin strain is a member of the Respirovirus genus in the Paramyxovirinae, Paramyxoviridae and has the closest relationship to Sendai virus. Its genome length and composition are similar to the previously published Sendai virus except one extra glutamic acid residue increasing at the C terminus of Large protein due to the genomic RNA mutation at position A15240C. 440 unique nucleotide variations of Tianjin strain lead to 110 amino acid residue changes, making it differed from any other Sendai viruses. The phylogenetic analysis reveals paramyxovirus Tianjin strain doesn't belong to any of the three known evolution lineages of Sendai viruses and locates at a separate evolution branch. The obvious distinctions of genome nucleotide sequence, host tropism and pathogenicity suggest that paramyxovirus Tianjin strain might represent a novel genotype of Sendai virus.
Base Sequence ; Evolution, Molecular ; Genome, Viral ; Paramyxoviridae ; classification ; genetics ; Phylogeny ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; RNA, Viral ; chemistry ; Sendai virus ; genetics

OBJECTIVEThis paper aims to investigate the apoptotic effect of inactivated Sendai virus (hemagglutinating virus of Japan-enveloped, HVJ-E) on murine melanoma cells (B16F10) and the possible mechanisms involved in the putative apoptotic reactions.

METHODSB16F10 cells were treated with HVJ-E at various multiplicities of infection (MOI), and the reactive oxygen species (ROS), cell viability, and apoptosis were measured. Next, the roles of ROS in the regulation of Bcl-2/Bax and the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in HVJ-E-treated B16F10 cells were analyzed. To further evaluate the cytotoxic effect of HVJ-E-generated ROS on B16F10 cells, HVJ-E was intratumorally injected, both with and without N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), into melanoma tumors on BALB/c mice. Tumor volume was then monitored for 3 weeks, and the tumor proteins were separated for immunoblot assay.

RESULTSTreatment of B16F10 cells with HVJ-E resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of cell-viability and an induction of apoptosis. The latter effect was associated with the generation of ROS. Inhibition of ROS generation by NAC resulted in a significant reduction of HVJ-E-induced Erk1/2, JNK, and p38 MAPK activation. Additionally, ROS inhibition caused a decrease in the Bcl-2/Bax ratio as well as promoting activation of apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo.

CONCLUSIONThese results suggest that HVJ-E possesses potential anticancer activity in B16F10 cells through ROS-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction involving the MAPK pathway.

Animals ; Apoptosis ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Mice ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 ; genetics ; metabolism ; Reactive Oxygen Species ; metabolism ; Respirovirus Infections ; virology ; Sendai virus ; physiology ; Virus Inactivation

OBJECTIVEThe current study aims to investigate the effect of Hemagglutinating virus of Japan envelope (HVJ-E) on induction of apoptosis and autophagy in human prostate cancer PC3 cells, and the underlying mechanisms.

METHODSPC3 cells were treated with HVJ-E at various multiplicity of infection (MOI), and the generated reactive oxygen species (ROS), cell viability, apoptosis, and autophagy were detected, respectively. Next, the role of ROS played in the regulation of HVJ-E-induced apoptosis and autuphagy in PC3 cells were analysed. In the end, the relationship between HVJ-E-induced apoptosis and autuophagy was investigated by using rapamycin and chloroquine.

RESULTSFlow cytometry assay revealed that HVJ-E treatment induced dose-dependent apoptosis and that the JNK and p38 MAPK signaling pathways were involved in HVJ-E-induced apoptosis in PC3 cells. In addition, HVJ-E was able to induce autophagy in PC3 cells via the class III PI3K/beclin-1 pathway. The data also implyed that HVJ-E-triggered autophagy and apoptosis were ROS dependent. When ROS was blocked with N-acetylcysteine (NAC), HVJ-E-induced LC3-II conversion and apoptosis were reversed. Interestingly, HVJ-E-induced apoptosis was significantly increased by an inducer of autophagy, rapamycin pretreatment, both in vitro and in vivo.

CONCLUSIONHVJ-E exerts anticancer effects via autophagic cell death in prostate cancer cells.

Apoptosis ; physiology ; Autophagy ; physiology ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Survival ; Humans ; Male ; Oncolytic Virotherapy ; Prostatic Neoplasms ; metabolism ; Reactive Oxygen Species ; metabolism ; Sendai virus ; immunology ; physiology ; Virus Inactivation

OBJECTIVETo investigate the influence of SEN virus infection on their response to lamivudine in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB).

METHODSSEN virus-D and -H DNA were detected in 45 CHB patients who received lamivudine 12 months with nested-PCR, and YMDD motif mutations in HBV DNA were investigated with gene chip.

RESULTSThe positive rate of SEN virus DNA was 11.1% (5/45), and there were four out of the five SEN virus DNA positive patients whose HBV DNA was positive, among them, two patients existed YMDD motif mutation. While ten out of the forty SEN virus DNA negative patients appeared HBV DNA positive. The response rate was significant lower in SEN virus-infected patients than that in uninfected patients (chi 2=3.97, P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONCoinfection with SEN virus in chronic hepatitis B patients may adversely affect the outcome of treatment with lamivudine

Anti-HIV Agents ; pharmacology ; DNA, Viral ; analysis ; drug effects ; Hepatitis B virus ; drug effects ; genetics ; Hepatitis B, Chronic ; complications ; virology ; Humans ; Lamivudine ; pharmacology ; Respirovirus Infections ; complications ; Sendai virus

BACKGROUND: In unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO), the obstructed kidney is characterized by interstitial fibrosis and an increase in transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1. Interstitial expression of TGF-beta1 is important in tublointerstitial fibrosis. The objectives of this study is to make new ribbon-type antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) for TGF-beta1 which are resistant to exonuclease and to examine the effcets of TGF-beta1 on reducing tubulointerstitial fibrosis of the kidney. METHODS: We introduced a new ribbon-type antisense ODN for TGF-beta1 in rats using the UUO model to block interstitial fibrosis by tail vein injection. A combination of one antisense sequences for TGF-beta1 was adopted to construct a large antisense molecule with a loop and stem. Artificial viral envelope (AVE)-type hemagglutinating virus of Japan (HVJ)-liposomes were used as a vector system for the delivery of antisense ODN. RESULTS: The levels of TGF-beta1 mRNA was decreased more in the cultured mesangial cells treated with ribbon-type antisense ODN than in that of a linear-type antisense ODN for TGF-beta1. TGF-beta1 mRNA was increased markedly in the interstitium of untreated obstructed kidneys. Northem analysis revealed that the levels of TGF-beta1 mRNA were decreased in the obstructed kidneys treated with antisense ODN. The fibrosis of the obstructed kidneys treated with ribbon-type antisense ODN was dramatically less than that of the untreated group. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that the introduction of new ribbon-type antisense ODN for TGF-beta1 may be a potential therapeutic maneuver for preventing interstitial fibrosis.
Animals ; Fibrosis ; Kidney ; Mesangial Cells ; Oligodeoxyribonucleotides* ; Rats ; RNA, Messenger ; Sendai virus ; Transforming Growth Factor beta1 ; Transforming Growth Factors ; Ureter* ; Ureteral Obstruction* ; Veins

PURPOSE: Most chemical transfection reagents are ineffective for the transfection of cells in suspension, such as leukemic cell and stem cell lineages. We developed two different types of viroplexes, cationic Sendai F/HN viroplexes (CSVs) and protamine sulfate-condensed cationic Sendai F/HN viroplexes (PCSVs) for the efficient transfection of T-leukemic cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The viroplex systems were prepared by reconstitution of fusogenic Sendai F/HN proteins in DMKE (O,O'-dimyristyl-N-lysyl glutamate) cationic liposomes. The viroplexes were further optimized for plasmid DNA and siRNA delivery to suspension cells. The particle size and surface charge of the viroplexes were analyzed with a zeta-sizer. Transfection of plasmid DNA (pDNA) and small interfering RNA (siRNA) by CSVs or PCSV was evaluated by measurement of transgene expression, confocal microscopy, FACS, and RT-PCR. RESULTS: The optimized CSVs and PCSVs exhibited enhanced gene and siRNA delivery in the tested suspension cell lines (Jurkat cells and CEM cells), compared with conventional cationic liposomes. In the case of pDNA transfection, the CSVs and PCSVs show at least 10-fold and 100-fold higher transgene expression compared with DMKE lipoplexes (or lipofectamine 2000), respectively. The CSVs showed more effective siRNA delivery to the suspension cells than cationic liposomes, as assessed by confocal microscopy, FACS, and RT-PCR. The effective transfection by the CSVs and PCSVs is presumably due to fusogenic activity of F/HN proteins resulting in facilitated internalization of pDNA and siRNA. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that Sendai F/HN viroplexes can be widely applicable for the transfection of pDNA and siRNA to suspension cell lines.
Cell Line, Tumor ; HN Protein/genetics ; Humans ; Jurkat Cells ; RNA, Small Interfering ; Sendai virus/genetics ; Transfection/*methods ; Viral Fusion Proteins/genetics ; Virosomes

BACKGROUND: The pathophysiologic mechanisms of early acute lung injury (ALI) differ according to the type of primary insult. It is important to differentiate between direct and indirect pathophysiologic pathways, and this may influence the approach to treatment strategies. NF-kappa B decoy oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) is a useful tool for the blockade of the expression of NF-kappa B-dependent proinflammatory mediators and has been reported to be effective in indirect ALI. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of NF-kappa B decoy ODN in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced direct ALI model. METHODS: Five-week-old specific pathogen-free male BALB/c mice were used for the experiment. In the preliminary studies, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukine (IL)-6 and NF-kappa B activity peaked at 6 hours after LPS administration. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and ALI score were highest at 36 and 48 hours, respectively. Therefore, it was decided to measure each parameter at the time of its highest level. The study mice were randomly divided into three experimental groups: (1) control group which was administered 50 microliter of saline and treated with intratracheal administration of 200 microliter DW containing only hemagglutinating virus of Japan (HVJ) vector (n=24); (2) LPS group in which LPS-induced ALI mice were treated with intratracheal administration of 200 microliter DW containing only HVJ vector (n=24); (3) LPS+ODN group in which LPS-induced ALI mice were treated with intratracheal administration of 200 microliter DW containing 160 microgram of NF-kappa B decoy ODN and HVJ vector (n=24). Each group was subdivided into four experimental subgroups: (1) tissue subgroup for histopathological examination for ALI at 48 hours (n=6); (2) 6-hour bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) subgroup for measurement of TNF-alpha and IL-6 in BAL fluid (BALF) (n=6); (3) 36-hour BAL subgroup for MPO activity assays in BALF (n=6); and (4) tissue homogenate subgroup for measurement of NF-kappa B activity in lung tissue homogenates at 6 hours (n=6). RESULTS: NF-kappa B decoy ODN treatment significantly decreased NF-kappa B activity in lung tissues. However, it failed to improve the parameters of LPS-induced direct ALI, including the concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 in BALF, myeloperoxidase activity in BALF and histopathologic changes measured by the ALI score. CONCLUSION: NF-kappa B decoy ODN, which has been proven to be effective in indirect models, had no effect in the direct ALI model.
Acute Lung Injury ; Animals ; Bronchoalveolar Lavage ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Interleukin-6 ; Interleukins ; Lipopolysaccharides ; Lung ; Male ; Mice ; NF-kappa B ; Oligodeoxyribonucleotides ; Peroxidase ; Sendai virus ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha