OBJECTIVETo evaluate the insulin and leptin resistance of curcumin on simplicity obesity rats.

METHODSAll 50 SPF grade healthy Sprague-Dawley male initial weaning rats were used for two groups in stratified sampling by weight: 30 in treated group and 20 in control group. They were assigned to the following treatment for 8 weeks: the treated group was fed with high-fat food and the control group was fed with normal food. Eight weeks later, adiposity model rats were prepared. Groups: adiposity model rats were divided into 3 groups: model + low curcumin (1.25 g/kg), model + high curcumin (5.00 g/kg) and a model group. In addition, there also had a normal control and a control + high curcumin (5.00 g/kg) group. Ten rats in every group and all given ground feed. After intragastric administration in different doses of curcumin 4 weeks, the effects and pathological changes were observed by the blood sugar, insulin, leptin and TNF-alpha, pathology and transmission electron microscope of pancreatic gland.

RESULTSGiven 4 weeks the different dose of curcumin on the simplicity obesity rats, the significant diminished weight (435.0 +/- 37.6) g and content of lipocyte (4.78 +/- 1.87) g as compared with the obesity model control (492.3 +/- 14.8) g and (8.94 +/- 1.88) g (t values were 4.484 and 4.961 respectively, P < 0.01), level of blood sugar (4.50 +/- 0.09) mmol/L, insulin (7.43 +/- 0.65) mmol/L, leptin (3.40 +/- 0.39) mmol/L and TNF-alpha (2.42 +/- 0.19) ng/ml were significantly decreased than those of adiposity model rats (4.94 +/- 0.12) mmol/L, (9.30 +/- 0.21) mmol/L, (4.40 +/- 0.23) mmol/L and (2.86 +/- 0.49) ng/ml (t values were 8.297, 7.743, 6.247 and 2.368 respectively, P < 0.05), and there was no significant difference with the control group (4.30 +/- 0.14) mmol/L on the level of blood sugar (t = 0.399, P > 0.05). There were a lot of secretory granules with large sphere volume in beta cells of pancreatic island found by transmission electron microscope, and these secretory granules had a higher electron density than those in non-disposed groups.

CONCLUSIONBy diminishing the sediment of fat, relaxing the lymphatic return, and refraining the apoptosis of beta cells, the curcumin might significantly decrease the level of insulin resistance and leptin resistance caused by the high fat diet.

Animals ; Apoptosis ; Curcumin ; pharmacology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Insulin ; metabolism ; pharmacology ; Insulin Resistance ; Islets of Langerhans ; drug effects ; Leptin ; metabolism ; pharmacology ; Male ; Obesity ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

OBJECTIVETo study the resuscitative effect of hypertonic electrolyte glucose solution (HEGS) in enteral resuscitation of burn shock.

METHODSEighteen Beagle dogs with 35% TBSA full-thickness flame injury were used in this study. They were randomized to a control group (no-fluid resuscitation, N group), a HEGS resuscitation group (H group) or an isotonic electrolyte glucose solution (IEGS) resuscitation group (I group). The solution enterally was given for resuscitation from half an hour after burn. The volumes and rates of fluid infusion in the H group were basically in accordance with 2 ml/(kg x 1%TBSA), those in the I group were basically in accordance with parkland formula [4 ml/(kg x 1%TBSA)]. The haemodynamic parameters, global end-diastolic volume index, plasma volume, osmotic pressure of plasma, intestinal absorptive rates of water and Na(+), and intestine mucosa blood flow were continuously assessed.

RESULTSThe cardiac output index, global end-diastolic volume index, plasma volume and intestine blood mucosa flow reduced markedly after burn in the three groups, and then gradually returned from 2 h after burn in two resuscitation groups, which were higher than that in the N group (P < 0.05). The activities of diamine oxidase in plasma in the two resuscitation groups were higher than that in N group (P < 0.05). The intestinal absorption rates of water and Na(+) reduced markedly after burn in two resuscitation groups with the lowest levels, and then returned from 6 h after burn. The rates of water in H group were lower than that in I group (P < 0.05); the rates of Na(+) in H group were higher than in I group (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONThe results indicated that 35%TBSA III degrees burn-injury dogs be resuscitated effectively with 1.8% hypertonic electrolyte-glucose solution by enteral, which 1/2 volume of an isotonic electrolyte glucose solution.

Animals ; Burns ; therapy ; Disease Models, Animal ; Dogs ; Enteral Nutrition ; Fluid Therapy ; methods ; Glucose Solution, Hypertonic ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use ; Random Allocation ; Resuscitation ; methods ; Saline Solution, Hypertonic ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use

OBJECTIVETo study the change in intestinal barrier and organ functions of burned dog after enteral administration of hypertonic electrolyte glucose solution (HEGS) in shock stage.

METHODSTwenty-four Beagle dogs inflicted with 35% TBSA full-thickness burn were divided into no-fluid group (NF), intravenous infusion with isotonic electrolyte glucose solution (IEGS) group (II group), enteral infusion with IEGS group (EI), and enteral infusion with HEGS group (EH) according to the random number table, with 6 dogs in each group. Saline, containing 50 g/L glucose, was intravenously or enterally infused into dogs in II group and EI group respectively 0.5 hour post injury (PIH) for resuscitation. Total infusion volume within PIH 24 was 4 mL x kg(-1) x %TBSA(-1) (half of the total volume was infused in the first 8 hours in a constant speed, the other half volume was infused in the rest 16 hours in a constant speed). HEGS, containing 18 g/L NaCl and 50 g/L glucose, was enterally infused into dogs in EH group. Total infusion volume within PIH 24 was 2 mL x kg(-1) x %TBSA(-1), with the same infusion speed as that in II and EI groups. Liver and kidney function indexes [activity of ALT and CK-MB, expression levels of creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) in serum], activity of diamine oxidase (DAO), and activity of Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase in intestinal mucosa at PIH 24 were determined.

RESULTSALT activity in each group was close to one another. Serum levels of creatinine and BUN in II, EI, and EH groups were significantly lower than those in NF group. CK-MB activity obviously increased at PIH 2 in every group. CK-MB activity in EH group at PIH 2 to 8 was respectively lower than that in NF and II groups. DAO activity in serum in II, EI, and EH groups decreased since PIH 4 or PIH 6, respectively from (3.9 + or - 0.6) U/L to (3.6 + or - 0.5) U/L, (4.8 + or - 0.4) U/L to (2.8 + or - 0.8) U/L, (6.4 + or - 1.8) U/L to (3.5 + or - 0.8) U/L, all were significantly lower than those in NF group [from (12.5 + or - 0.4) U/L to (9.7 + or - 1.1) U/L, comparison between EH group and NF group, t value at PIH 4, 6, 8, 24 was respectively 10.25, 12.44, 17.99, 16.21, P values all below 0.05]. The order of Na(+)-k(+)-ATPase activity in intestinal mucosa at PIH 24 in each group from high to low was II group, EH group, EI group, and NF group (comparison between former 3 groups and NF group, t value was respectively 10.09, 4.96, 8.32, F value was 26.79, P values all below 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSHEGS does not cause significant harm to the barrier function of intestinal mucosa of shock dog after burn. Compared with NF, HEGS can significantly improve functions of heart, liver, and kidney, and it can achieve the same resuscitation effect as enteral or intravenous infusion of IEGS with only half of the solution volume.

Animals ; Burns ; drug therapy ; metabolism ; physiopathology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Dogs ; Fluid Therapy ; Glucose Solution, Hypertonic ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use ; Heart ; physiopathology ; Intestinal Mucosa ; metabolism ; Intestine, Small ; physiopathology ; Kidney ; physiopathology ; Liver ; physiopathology

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the reproduction toxicity of the mixture composed of dichlorvos, dimethoate and malathion synergistic effect on male mice, and further explore its possible mechanisms.

METHODSThe 105 male mice were divided into 7 groups, including control (0 mg/kg), mix low (10.8 mg/kg), mix medium (21.5 mg/kg), mix high dose (43.0 mg/kg), dichlorvos (5.1 mg/kg), dimethoate (12.6 mg/kg) and malathion (25.3 mg/kg) group. The oral gavage for successive 35 days, and the mice were sacrificed on the 36(th) day. The body weight, and the quantity, activity and morphology of sperms were examined. The levels of sexual hormone were measured, including testosterone (T), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and estradiol (E(2)). Pathological changes of testicle and epididymis were observed by morphology, pathology and electron microscope.

RESULTSAfter 14 days exposure, the body weights of the mice were lower in the mix-high dose group ((22.40 ± 3.07) g) than those in control group ((26.73 ± 2.82) g) (P < 0.05). After 28 days exposure, the body weights of the mice were also lower in the mix-medium dose group ((30.00 ± 4.93) g) than those in control group ((33.13 ± 3.29) g) (P < 0.05). The sperm counts and sperm motility decreased significantly as the toxic concentration arised. Comparing to control group ((373.33 ± 14.65)×10(6)/g weight of epididymis and (75.17 ± 7.68)%), the spermatozoa count and sperm motility had decreased in mix-medium and mix-high dose groups ((321.17 ± 18.19)×10(6)/g weight of epididymis, (225.00 ± 19.67)×10(6)/g weight of epididymis, and (64.67 ± 9.91)%, (57.83 ± 9.66)%), and the sperm abnormality rates were higher in mix-medium and mix-high groups ((43.33 ± 8.66)‰ and (55.00 ± 13.80)‰) comparing to those in control group ((32.67 ± 8.17)‰). Compared to those in control group (FSH (1.41 ± 0.20), E(2)(17.32 ± 2.72), LH (8.75 ± 1.32) and T (3.45 ± 0.80) nmol/L), the serum level of FSH (3.14 ± 0.62) and (3.85 ± 0.37) nmol/L, E(2) (36.81 ± 6.68) and (43.76 ± 9.82) nmol/L in mix-medium and mix-high dose group increased (P < 0.01), while the level of LH (5.21 ± 1.23) and (4.27 ± 1.09) nmol/L and T (1.37 ± 0.38) and (0.73 ± 0.18) nmol/L decreased (P < 0.01). The morphological and ultramicrostructure results of testicle and epididymis indicated that the mature sperm numbers were decreased, and the cacoplastic sperm head and the tail of spermatozoon were observed in mix-high dose groups.

CONCLUSIONThe dichlorvos, dimethoate and malathion mixture had synergistic reproductive toxicity to the testicle and epididymis structure and function, and thus leading to the process of generation cell cytopoiesis abnormalities, simultaneously the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis were also affected and thus resulted in parasecretion.

Animals ; Body Weight ; Dichlorvos ; toxicity ; Dimethoate ; toxicity ; Malathion ; toxicity ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred ICR ; Organ Size ; Sperm Count ; Sperm Motility ; Spermatozoa ; drug effects ; Toxicity Tests

OBJECTIVETo investigate the influence of enteral administration of carbachol on the intestinal dysfunction of both severely burn patients and rabbits with partial intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury.

METHODSSeventy-five white rabbits were inflicted with I/R injury and randomized into intestinal I/R (I, n=25), carbachol [C, n=25, with 3g/L carbachol (3 mg/kg) injection into duodenum 1 h after SMA occlusion] and sham operation (SO, n=25, with SMA isolation but no occlusion) groups, and 5 other as normal controls. The blood flow of intestinal mucosa was detected before and after SMA occlusion or admission of carbachol. Changes in diamine oxidase (DAO), D-lactate, xylopyranose absorption, blue dextran discharging time were measured at 2, 4, 6, 8, 24, 48, 72 h after SMA occlusion. In addition, eight severe burn patients with TBSA of 84 +/- 12% were enrolled in the study, and carbachol (15 microg/kg) was administered to patients when abdominal distension or bowel sound was lower than 2 times/min, then the number of abdominal distension and bowel sounds per minute were observed.

RESULTSThe blood flow in intestinal mucosa of rabbits without SMA occlusion was (102 +/- 5) PU, reduced to (48 +/- 6) PU after SMA occlusion, and increased to (77 +/- 3) PU after injection of carbachol. The plasma DAO activity and D-lactic acid content in I group began to increase 4 hours after SMA occlusion, and they reached the peak 24 hours after SMA occlusion (4.63 +/- 0.27 U/ml, 7.9 +/- 2.4 mg/L) , after that they decreased gradually, but still higher than the normal value (0.89 +/- 0.14 U/ml, 2.0 +/- 1.1 mg/L, P < 0.05). In carbachol group, data showed the same trends as that in intestine I/R group with lower values, while no obvious changes were in sham operation group (P > 0.05). The content of D-lactic decreased dramatically 2 hours after D-lactic administration in both I and C groups, increased 6 hours after SMA occlusion, then decreased gradually, but it in C group was always higher than normal values, and little fluctuation was in sham operation group. There was no blue dextran discharge 2 hours after SMA occlusion. The discharging distance increased 6 hours later, but it was obviously shorter than the normal value 24 hrs after operation (P < 0.05) , then it returned to normal 48 to 72 hrs after operation. In the C group, blue dextran discharge was found immediately after its injection, with obvious increase in the discharging distance to peak value (43 +/- 6 cm) 6 hours after injury, and returning to normal (28 +/- 3 cm) gradually. In severe burned patients, the bowel sounds was (1.6 +/- 1.1) per minutes before carbachol administration, then increased dramatically to (6.9 +/- 1.7) per minutes 10 mins after administration, reached to a higher level 30 minutes after administration (8.3 +/- 2.4 ) times/min, and it maintained to (6.1 +/- 1.3) times/min 1 hour after administration. Abdominal distension was ameliorated 2 hours after carbachol administration, six patients were able to defecate.

CONCLUSIONEnteral administration of Carbachol can increase the blood flow of intestine mucosa, help to improve the movement, absorption and barrier functions of intestine, and ameliorate intestinal dysfunction in patients with severe burns.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Animals ; Burns ; drug therapy ; physiopathology ; Carbachol ; therapeutic use ; Disease Models, Animal ; Female ; Humans ; Intestinal Mucosa ; blood supply ; metabolism ; Intestines ; physiopathology ; Male ; Rabbits ; Reperfusion Injury ; drug therapy ; physiopathology

ObjectiveTo explore the value of MRI ovarian-adnexal reporting and data system （O-RADS MRI） in differentiating benign and malignant ovarian-adnexal masses.MethodsTotally 146 patients （202 masses） with ovarian-adnexal lesions who underwent pelvic examination at 3.0 T MRI according to standardized scan protocol of O-RADS MRI and were pathologically confirmed in The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University between January 2020 and February 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. Two radiologists classified the ovarian-adnexal masses as risk levels 1~5 according to O-RADS MRI and evaluated their consistency by Cohen’s kappa. Using pathological findings as the gold standard， the detection yield of malignant lesions with O-RADS MRI classification was analyzed. Sensitivity， specificity， accuracy， and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve were calculated （cutoff for malignancy， score ≥ 4）.ResultsOf 202 masses， 62 （30.7%） were malignant， 140 （69.3%） were benign. The two radiologists presented good agreement in O-RADS MRI classification of ovarian adnexal masses （Kappa=0.932）. The malignancy rates of masses with scores of 1， 2， 3， 4 and 5 were 0%， 0%， 7.7%， 95%， 97.6%， respectively. Sensitivity， specificity， accuracy， and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve were 96.8% （60/62）， 98.6% （138/140）， 98.0% （198/202）， 0.977.ConclusionsO-RADS MRI yields high diagnostic efficiency for benign and malignant ovarian adnexal masses and its widespread implementation will improve communication between radiologists and clinicians， and facilitate optimal patient management. Therefore， O-RADS MRI warrants widespread use in clinical setting.

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the diagnostic value of multi-slice spiral CT (MSCT) three dimensional (3D) reconstruction for maxillofacial diseases.

METHODSSixty patients with maxillofacial diseases underwent the scanning of MSCT with 3D reconstruction. Among them, 34 patients with maxillofacial fracture, 10 patients with maxillofacial tumors and tumor-like diseases, and 16 patients with congenital deformities. The MSCT scanned with slice thickness of 2 mm. The methods of 3D reconstruction included multi-planar reconstruction (MPR), shaded surface display (SSD), and volume rendering (VR). The results were compared with what was observed during operations.

RESULTSTotally 36 cases of maxillofacial fracture were shown by 2D or 3D imaging and were validated by the observations during operation. The MSCT with 3D reconstruction imaging was significantly superior to 2D axial imaging in maxillofacial fracture. Three dimensional imaging could clearly show the spacial anatomy of facial, fragment displacement, and tracing fracture lines. However, 2D imaging had better effectiveness than 3D imaging in observing deep structure and fine fracture. In maxillofacial tumors and tumor-like diseases, 3D imaging was significantly superior to 2D axial imaging in showing the tumor shape and spacial relationships between tumors and surrounding structures. Two dimensional imaging and MPR imaging were excellent to reveal internal structure and pathological changes of tumors. 2D imaging and MPR imaging also achieved better results in showing tumors extended to soft tissues. In maxillofacial congenital deformities, 3D imaging were superior than 2D imaging.

CONCLUSION3D imaging has an important value in the diagnosis and clinical assessment of maxillofacial fracture, tumor-like diseases, and congenital deformities.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Child ; Female ; Humans ; Imaging, Three-Dimensional ; methods ; Male ; Mandibulofacial Dysostosis ; diagnostic imaging ; Maxillofacial Abnormalities ; diagnostic imaging ; Maxillofacial Injuries ; diagnostic imaging ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Tomography, Spiral Computed ; methods

BACKGROUNDCell transplantation has great potential for promoting endothelial repair and reducing the complications of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of transplantation of human umbilical cord blood endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) on injured arteries.

METHODSUmbilical cord blood mononuclear cells were obtained from post-partum lying-in women, and EPCs were isolated, cultured, expanded and identified by immunofluorescence. The carotid arterial endothelium of New Zealand white rabbits was injured by dilatation with a 3F balloon, and the EPCs were injected into the lumen of the injured artery in the transplanted group (n = 16), while an equal volume of phosphated buffered saline (PBS) was injected into the control group after balloon injury (n = 16). The animals were sacrificed after either 2 or 4 weeks, and the grafted cells were identified by double immunofluorescence staining with human nuclear antigen (HNA) and CD31 antibodies. Arterial cross sections were analyzed by pathology, immunohistochemistry and morphometry to evaluate the reparative effects of EPCs. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 mRNA expression were detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).

RESULTSFluorescence-labeled EPCs were found in the neointima. The neointimal area and the neointimal/medial area ratio were significantly lower in the transplanted group than in the control group (P < 0.05). von Willebrand factor (vWF) immunohistostaining showed more VWF-positive cells in the transplanted animals than in the controls (8.75 ± 2.92 vs. 4.50 ± 1.77, P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, the transplanted group had lower expression of PCNA mRNA (0.67 ± 0.11 vs. 1.25 ± 0.40, P < 0.01) and higher expression of TGF-β1 mRNA (1.10 ± 0.21 vs. 0.82 ± 0.07, P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSEPCs derived from human umbilical cord blood were successfully transplanted into injured vessels. The transplanted EPCs inhibited neointimal hyperplasia and promoted vascular re-endothelialization.

Animals ; Carotid Artery Injuries ; immunology ; pathology ; therapy ; Cell Differentiation ; Cells, Cultured ; Cytokines ; genetics ; Endothelial Cells ; cytology ; physiology ; Fetal Blood ; cytology ; Humans ; Hyperplasia ; Male ; Neointima ; pathology ; Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen ; genetics ; RNA, Messenger ; analysis ; Rabbits ; Stem Cell Transplantation ; Transforming Growth Factor beta1 ; genetics

OBJECTIVETo explore the quality of life (QOL) outcome of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) after endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) and its influencing factors.

METHODSprospective trial was conducted to survey the QOL status of 120 CRS patients undergoing ESS, in contrast that of 200 healthy individuals passing health examination, at the baseline and at 12-months after operation by Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36 (SF-36) and Sino-Nasal Outcome Test-20 (SNOT-20). QOL changes and its influencing factors were analyzed statistically.

RESULTS(1) By the assessment of SF-36, the scores of 6 domains were less than that of healthy individuals preoperatively (P < 0.01). After 6 months, the scores of these domains resumed normal level and the proportion of scores also restored normally (P > 0.05). (2) By the assessment of SNOT-20, the total scores of 20 items and 5 most important items of patients were more than that of healthy objects (P < 0.01). After 9 and 12 months, the former and latter returned to normal, respectively (P > 0.05). In 12 months setting, the proportion of scores also restored normally (P > 0.05). (3) According to the survey of SNOT-20, we concluded the following equation: convalescent time (months) = 39--(normal scores/preoperative scores) x 50, by which the time of coming back to normal QOL status can be computed. (4) By analysis of Logistic Regression, residence in city or country, course of disease, extension of diseased sinus, and coexistence of nasal polyposis or not were correlated to the preoperative QOL scores; working environments, surgical extension, and preoperative scores of QOL were correlated to the score difference between pre and post operation.

CONCLUSIONSCRS patients undergoing ESS could obtain entirely normal QOL status at 12 months postoperatively, so we suggest that the essential follow-up period should last at least one year. The risk factors influencing patients QOL status preoperatively includes residence in country, longer course of disease, more extension of diseased sinus, and coexistence of nasal polyposis. The risk factors hindering the improvement of QOL status postoperatively includes exposure to indoor working environments, insufficient surgical extension, and lower preoperative QOL scores.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Case-Control Studies ; Chronic Disease ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nasal Polyps ; surgery ; Prospective Studies ; Quality of Life ; Sinusitis ; surgery ; Treatment Outcome ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect of early oral fluid resuscitation on hemodynamic and tissue perfusion in dogs with severe burn shock.

METHODSEighteen male Beagle dogs with intubation of carotid artery, jugular vein, stomach, jejunum and bladder for 24 h were subjected to a 50%TBSA full-thickness burn, then were equally divided into non fluid resuscitation (NR), oral resuscitation (OR) and intravenous resuscitation(IR) groups, (each n = 6). Dogs in IR and OR groups were given glucose-electrolyte solution (GES) by gastric tube or intravenous infusion according to Parkland formula within 24 h after burn, while those in NR group were not given any treatment. Dogs in each group were given intravenous fluid resuscitation from 24 h after burn. The mean arterial pressure (MAP), cardiac output (CO), systemic vascular resistance (SVR), dp/dt max of left ventricular contractility (dp/dt(max)), gastric carbon dioxide pressure (PgCO2), intestinal mucosal blood flow (IMBF), and urinary output were determined before burn (0 h) and 2, 4, 8, 24, 48 and 72 h after burn at no anaesthesia state. Mortality rate of 72 h after burn was also recorded.

RESULTSMAP, CO, dp/dt(max), IMBF greatly decreased, and SVR and PgCO2 obviously increased from 2 h after burn in each group (P < 0.01). The measurements except IMBF of IR group returned to pre-injury levels at 72 h after burn, while CO, SVR, PgCO2 and IMBF of OR group still worse compared with 0 h (P < 0.01). All measurements of NR group kept on worsen, and died with anuria within 24 h after burn. Parameters of hemodynamic and tissue perfusion of OR group were significantly superior to those of NR group, but it inferior to those of IR group. At 72 h after burn, 6 (6/6) survived in IR group, 3 (3/6) in OR group and 0 (0/6) in NR group.

CONCLUSIONSAlthough oral resuscitation with GES is not as efficient as intravenous resuscitation in a 50%TBSA burn injury, it still can promote hemodynamic, improve the tissue perfusion and reduce the mortality comparing to no resuscitation. Oral resuscitation might be an ideal alternative way of intravenous resuscitation, especially in wars or other site of mass casualties.

Animals ; Body Surface Area ; Burns ; Disease Models, Animal ; Dogs ; Fluid Therapy ; Hemodynamics ; drug effects ; Resuscitation