OBJECTIVES: To investigate the differences in non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) behaviors between only-child and non-only-child adolescents with mood disorders. METHODS: A three-stage sampling method was used to perform a cross-sectional survey of 529 adolescents, aged 12-18 years, who had mood disorders and NSSI behaviors. These adolescents were sampled from the outpatient service of 20 mental hospitals in 9 provinces of China from August to November 2020. A self-made questionnaire was used to collect general demographic data. The Functional Assessment of Self-Mutilation, Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation, Kessler Psychological Distress Scale, Stress Mindset Measure-General, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, Multidimensional Students' Life Satisfaction Scales, and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale were used to collect the information on self-injury behaviors and psychological factors in these adolescents. RESULTS: A total of 529 adolescents with mood disorders and NSSI behaviors were surveyed, among whom 375 were only-child adolescents and 154 were non-only-child adolescents. Compared with the non-only-child group, the only-child group had a significantly higher total score of Functional Assessment of Self-Mutilation (P<0.05) .The type and frequency of self-injury in the only-child group were significantly higher than those in the non-only-child group (P<0.05). Psychological analysis showed that compared with the non-only-child group, the only-child group had a significantly lower score of self-esteem (P<0.05) and significantly higher scores of psychological distress and depressive symptoms (P<0.05). The multiple linear regression analysis showed that the score of suicidal ideation was positively correlated with the frequency of NSSI behaviors in both only-child and non-only-child adolescents with mood disorders (P<0.05); in the only-child adolescents, the level of self-esteem was negatively correlated with the frequency of NSSI behaviors (P<0.05), and the score of stress perception was positively correlated with the frequency of NSSI behaviors (P<0.05); in the non-only-child adolescents, the score of anxious emotion was positively correlated with the frequency of NSSI behaviors (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Among the adolescents with mood disorders and NSSI behaviors, the only-child adolescents tend to have a higher frequency of self-injury and poorer mental health, and therefore, the only-child adolescents with mood disorders and NSSI behaviors need more attention.
Adolescent ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Humans ; Mood Disorders ; Risk Factors ; Self Mutilation ; Self-Injurious Behavior/psychology* ; Suicide, Attempted/psychology*

BACKGROUND: Suicide is a self-destructive behavior that can occur throughout life. Recently the suicide rate has gradually increased in Korea. Suicide is the third most common cause of death in adolescents. The most important factOrs closely related to suicide were depression and hopelessness. This study aimed to analyze first, relationships between suicidal ideation, depression, hopelessness, social support and self-esteem, second, the differences between the demographic factors and suicidal ideation, depression, hopelessness, social support and self-esteem. METHODS: This study was surveyed with a questionaire to 220 students of colleges located in Pusan. The instruments were used in this study were Harters(1988) Self-Perception Profile for College Students, Harter and Robinsons(1988) Approval Support Scale for Adolescents, Becks(1961) Beck Depression Inventory, Becks(1974) Beck Hopelessness Scale and Reynolds(1987) Suicidal ideation Questionaire. RESULTS: Self-esteem had a relatively strong positive correlation with social support. Suicidal ideation had a strong positive correlation with depression. Depression had a negative correlation with self-esteem and social support. Suicidal ideation had a negative correlation with self-esteem and social support. CONCLUSIONS: According to this study, the major factors related to suicidal tendency of adolescents were depression, low self-esteem, and low social support. Then the strategy to improve self-esteem and to encourage social support should be implemented for adolescents to prevent suicide.
Adolescent ; Busan* ; Cause of Death ; Demography ; Depression ; Humans ; Korea ; Self Concept ; Self-Injurious Behavior ; Suicidal Ideation ; Suicide

We examined predictors of suicide attempts in clinically depressed adolescents in Korea and gender differences in suicidal behavior. In total, 106 adolescents diagnosed with depressive disorder were recruited in South Korea. We assessed various variables that might affect suicide attempts, and used a structured interview for the diagnosis of depression and comorbidities and to evaluate suicidality. Demographic and clinical characteristics of the subjects were compared between suicide attempt and non-suicide attempt groups and we examined significant predictors of suicide attempts. Gender differences in suicidal ideation and suicidal behavior were also analyzed. Among 106 depressed participants, 50 (47.2%) adolescents were classified in the suicide attempt group. Generally, the suicide attempt and non-suicide attempt group shared similar clinical characteristics. The suicide attempt group had more females, more major depressive disorder diagnoses, more depressive episodes, and higher suicidal ideation than the non-suicide attempt group. Suicidal ideation was the only significant predictor of suicidal attempt, regardless of gender. Higher suicidal ideation frequency scores and more non-suicidal self-injurious behaviors were shown in the female suicide attempt group than the male suicide attempt group. It is recommended that suicidal ideation be assessed regularly and managed rigorously to decrease suicide risks in depressive adolescents.
Adolescent* ; Comorbidity ; Depression ; Depressive Disorder ; Depressive Disorder, Major ; Diagnosis ; Female ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; Self-Injurious Behavior ; Suicidal Ideation ; Suicide* ; Suicide, Attempted

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to validate and verify the Korean version of the Inventory of Statements about Self-Injury (ISAS) to better understand the psychopathological characteristics of nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) among young adults. METHODS: A total of 539 Korean adults (age: 19 to 30 years; 343 participants with a history of NSSI) completed a self-report online survey regarding NSSI validation research. The test-retest reliability, internal consistency, concurrent validity, and factor analysis of the ISAS behavioral scales and the ISAS functional scales were examined. The factor structure and construct validity were evaluated by performing exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). RESULTS: The results demonstrated the good internal consistency and temporal stability of the Korean version of the ISAS. The EFA revealed that the NSSI functions exhibited a two-factor structure: intrapersonal functions and interpersonal functions. The CFA also confirmed that the model fitness indicators of the 2-factor structure were appropriate. In addition, the ISAS functional scales were related to increased suicidal ideations and decreased resilience in participants with a history of NSSI. CONCLUSION: The current findings suggest that the Korean version of the ISAS is a robust measure of NSSI behaviors. Further research is needed to investigate the causal relationship between clinical symptoms, given the significant correlation between self-reported NSSI and suicidal ideation and decreased resilience.
Adult ; Humans ; Reproducibility of Results ; Self-Injurious Behavior ; Suicidal Ideation ; Suicide ; Weights and Measures ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence and possible risk factors associated with nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) and suicide attempt among young adult university students.

METHODS: A cross-sectional study involving six colleges from a university in Manila, from which randomization through a computer-generated random number was done. Data were obtained through self-administered questionnaires. Descriptive analysis and logistic regression were done to evaluate the data.

RESULTS: A total of 225 students participated in the study (mean age of 20.33 years). Majority were females (60.44%). Ideations of self-harm were reported in 49.33%. NSSI and suicide attempts were reported at 26.22% and 14.67%, respectively. In general, self-harm (NSSI and/or suicidal attempt) was reported at 33.78%, while 7.11% of the respondents reported both NSSI and suicidal attempt in the past. Furthermore, 2-3 out of 10 students who engaged in NSSI would have a suicide attempt. Associated factors of NSSI and suicide attempt were age, female gender, gender orientation, parental civil status, employment, economic standing, and psychopathology which support the findings cited in literature.

CONCLUSION: The high prevalence of self-harm NSSI and/or suicidal attempt (33.78%) and the finding that NSSI was a gateway for suicidal attempt and that 2-3 out of ten who engaged in NSSI would have a suicide attempt underscores the need to develop an early intervention upon detecting self-harming behaviors and a preventive program for the progression of NSSI to suicide attempts.

Human ; Adult (a Person 19-44 Years Of Age) ; Students ; Suicide, Attempted ; Self-injurious Behavior

Patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) show significant impairment in functioning, particularly in the interpersonal and social domains. Prior reports suggest that clozapine may be effective in the management of BPD. We present the case of a patient with BPD who experienced persistent suicidal ideation and was treated with clozapine at a state psychiatric hospital. After treatment failure with other psychotropic medications, clozapine medication was initiated; not only did suicidal ideation cease, but social and professional functioning also greatly improved to the point of no longer requiring intensive levels of observation or restrictive procedures. Clozapine appears to be efficacious in the management of suicide attempts and self-injurious behavior. Moreover, it appears to be promising as a therapeutic measure for ameliorating the global functioning of patients with severe BPD. Larger, randomized, blinded, and controlled prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings and to determine optimal dosage.
Borderline Personality Disorder* ; Clozapine* ; Hospitals, Psychiatric ; Humans ; Prospective Studies ; Self-Injurious Behavior ; Social Adjustment ; Suicidal Ideation ; Suicide ; Treatment Failure

The relationship between suicidality and the loudness dependence of auditory-evoked potentials (LDAEP) remains controversial. This article reviews the literature related to the LDAEP and suicide in patients with major depressive disorder, and suggests future research directions. Serotonergic dysfunction in suicidality seems to be more complicated than was originally thought. Studies of suicide based on the LDAEP have produced controversial results, but it is possible that these are due to differences in study designs and the smallness of samples. For example, some studies have evaluated suicide ideation and the LDAEP, while others have evaluated suicide attempts and the LDAEP. Furthermore, some of the latter studies enrolled acute suicide attempters, while others enrolled those with the history of previous suicide attempts, irrespective of whether these were acute or chronic. Thus, a more robust study design is needed in future studies, for example by evaluating the LDAEP immediately after a suicide attempt rather than in those with a history of suicide attempts and suicide ideation in order to reduce bias. Moreover, genuine suicide attempt, self-injurious behaviors, and faked suicide attempt need to be discriminated in the future.
Bias (Epidemiology) ; Depressive Disorder, Major* ; Humans ; Self-Injurious Behavior ; Suicide*

PURPOSE: This study aims to investigate the effects of atopic dermatitis on suicidal ideation, plans and attempts in young adult. METHODS: Data are from the Sixth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES VI,2013, 2015) in a sample of 2,983 respondents aged 19 to 39 years. Data were analyzed using Frequency, Percentage, χ2 test, Complex sample multivariate binary logistic regression analysis with SPSS version 18.0 software. RESULTS: Firstly, factors affecting suicidal ideation are gender, education level, smoking, self-reported health status, asthma, depression and stress perception. Factors affecting suicidal plan are education level, self-reported health status, asthma and depression. Lastly, factors affecting suicidal attempt are gender, education level, smoking, self-reported health status, depression and stress perception. Compared to non-atopic group, the prevalence of suicidal ideation and plan of atopic group increased from odds ratio 2.14 to 2.48 and 1.90 to 2.50, respectively. Odds ratio for suicidal attempt was odds ratio 2.69 (10% error level). CONCLUSION: The results show that atopic dermatitis in young adult affects suicidal ideation, plans and attempts. Therefore, it is necessary to identify atopic patients who have suicidal thoughts and plans and develop an intervention program to prevent and manage suicide in young adult.
Asthma ; Depression ; Dermatitis, Atopic* ; Education ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Nutrition Surveys ; Odds Ratio ; Prevalence ; Self-Injurious Behavior ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Suicidal Ideation* ; Suicide ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Young Adult*

OBJECTIVETo investigate the prevalence of common psychosomatic symptoms among Chinese adolescents and the influence on 6 months later suicide and self-injurious behavior.

METHODSBased on the cluster sampling method, the participants who were recruited from 8 cities from 3 areas in China, including Eastern areas (Beijing, Shaoxing and Guangzhou), Middle areas (Ezhou, Harbin and Taiyuan) and Western areas (Guiyang and Chongqing), were administered by multidimensional sub-health questionnaire of adolescents (MSQA) in March 2008. Demographics, life style, psychosomatic symptoms, suicide and self-injurious behavior were also assessed. A total of 17 622 questionnaires were valid at baseline. Six months later, 14 407 questionnaires were eligible for two waves investigation. Analysis of Pearson chi-square and logistic model regression analysis were employed to compare the incidence of psychosomatic symptoms, suicide and self-injurious behaviors among different areas and to explore the possible risk factors of those symptoms and behaviors.

RESULTSAt baseline, rates of total common physiological and psychological symptoms were 24.1% (4255/17622) and 30.9% (5447/17622), respectively, with the highest being eating and drinking too much (6.4%, 1130/17622) and hardly feel ease to learn at home (11.8%, 2087/17 622). In males, the rate of common psychological symptoms (30.7%, 2637/8599) was higher than physiological symptoms (24.0%, 2061/8599) (P < 0.05); in females, the rate of common psychological symptoms (31.1%, 2810/9023) was higher than physiological symptoms (24.3%, 2194/9023) (P<0.05). The rate of the common psychosomatic symptoms in senior high school students (46.8%, 2905/6208) were significantly higher than those in middle high school students (37.3%, 2337/6262) and college students (33.2%, 1711/5152) (all P values <0.05). Students from Western areas had the highest incidences of the common physiological and psychological symptoms (30.2%, 1471/4871; 40.6%, 1979/4871), higher than students from Middle areas (22.4%, 1443/6453; 27.0%, 1743/6453) and Eastern areas (21.3%, 1341/6298; 27.4%, 1725/6298) (all P values <0. 05). Results from multiple logistic regression showed that physical symptoms > or = 2 at baseline were shared risk factors for suicidal ideation (RR = 1.44, 95% CI:1.16 - 1.79), attempted suicide (RR = 1.79, 95% CI: 1.22 - 2.61) and self-injurious behaviors (RR = 1.39, 95% CI: 1.17 - 1.66) 6 months later. Psychopathological symptoms > or = 4 at baseline was the shared risk factors for suicide ideation (RR = 1.74, 95% CI: 1.39 -2.17), attempted suicide (RR = 2.08, 95%CI: 1.39 - 3.11) and self-injurious (RR = 1.90, 95%CI: 1.59 - 2.28) 6 months later.

CONCLUSIONIt is common in Chinese adolescents who have multiple psychosomatic symptoms simultaneously. What's important is that those common psychosomatic symptoms are shared risk factors of later suicidal and self-injurious behaviors.

Adolescent ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Psychophysiologic Disorders ; epidemiology ; Self-Injurious Behavior ; epidemiology ; psychology ; Suicidal Ideation ; Suicide ; psychology ; statistics & numerical data ; Surveys and Questionnaires

OBJECTIVETo understand the characteristics of self-inflicted injury/suicide cases that were seen from the clinic or the emergency rooms, to provide basis for suicide prevention strategies development.

METHODSData from the National Injury Surveillance System, from 2006 to 2013 were used to analyze the trend of self-inflicted injury/suicide proportion in injuries as well as the socio-demographic characteristics of the cases with related basic and clinic information related to self-inflicted injury/suicide.

RESULTSThe proportion of self-inflicted injury/suicide cases decreased during the past 8 years. 58.6% of the self-inflicted injury/suicide cases were females in 2013 and 42.1% received junior secondary school education. Self-inflicted injury/suicide were mostly taken place at home (76.2% ). Poisoning (56.1% ) and sharp injury were the major ways causing self-inflicted injury or suicide.

CONCLUSIONInterventions on self-inflicted injury/suicide should be strengthened including control programs on pesticide/psychotropic drugs. Prevention on future attempts and suicide should include the full use during the in-hospital time of those suicide attempters.

Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; China ; epidemiology ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; statistics & numerical data ; Female ; Humans ; Self-Injurious Behavior ; Suicide ; statistics & numerical data ; Suicide, Attempted ; statistics & numerical data