We investigated factors related to the perception of achievement and to the degree of satisfaction of junior residents in initial clinical training. Questionnaires were given to second-year postgraduate students at 13 teaching hospitals in Japan. The response rate was 50%(n=89). The perception of achievement and the degree of satisfaction were converted to a 100-point scale. The mean±standard deviation of the two scores were 70±11 and 68±16, respectively. The average number of inpatients and whether the junior resident had taken care of patients were related to both scores. However, gender, the number of departments rotated through, and salary were not associated with either score.

In Europe and America, it is reported that residents develops burnout syndrome or depression by their stress, and these are connected with dropouts from their training program and undesirable outcomes of the patients such as unethical practice. Recently, though resident's poor working conditions and death from overwork, etc. become problems also in Japan.But, Japanese resident's stressor is uncertain.
1) Focus group interview was executed for 25 junior residents in 10 facilities, and their stressor were explored.
2) As a result, three cateogories ; physiological stressor as one human being, stressor as a new member of society, and stressor as a trainee doctor and beginner novice doctor was extracted.
3) Three stressors were named the life gap, the society gap, and the profession gap respectively. The stressor of junior resident was described as the product what was born by the gap of medical student and becoming a doctor.
4) Japanese residents have various stressors. Stressor as a trainee doctor was a stressor peculiar to Japanese junior residents.
5) Stress management should be done considering such a stressor in the light of safety and effective clinical training.

In Europe and the United States, residents develop“burnout syndrome”or depression because of stress, and these conditions are associated with withdrawal from training programs and undesirable clinical outcomes, such as unethical practices.How stress affects Japanese medical residents and their practice is uncertain, as are factors that relieve stress.Furthermore, a theoretical model of stress in Japanese medical resident is uncertain.
1) Focus group interviews were performed for 25 junior residents at 10 institutions to explore their stress reactions and stress-relieving factors.A theoretical model of stress was then constructed.
2) Adverse effects in patient care and in training, in addition to events in daily life, were found to occur as stress reactions.
3) Improvements in the support system and positive feedback from patients were found to be stress-relieving factors.
4) A theoretical model of stress for trainee physicians was constructed and was similar to a general occupational stress model.
5) Stressors should be reduced and stress-relieving factors should be improved to improve the working conditions of residents and the quality of medical care.

Clear cell carcinoma (CCC) of the ovary is known to show poorer sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents and to be associated with a worse prognosis than the more common serous adenocarcinoma or endometrioid adenocarcinoma. To improve the survival of patients with ovarian CCC, the deeper understanding of the mechanism of CCC carcinogenesis as well as the efforts to develop novel treatment strategies in the setting of both front-line treatment and salvage treatment for recurrent disease are needed. In this presentation, we first summarize the mechanism responsible for carcinogenesis. Then, we highlight the promising therapeutic targets in ovarian CCC and provide information on the novel agents which inhibit these molecular targets. Moreover, we discuss on the cytotoxic anti-cancer agents that can be best combined with targeted agents in the treatment of ovarian CCC.
Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell/drug therapy/*etiology/metabolism ; Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use ; Female ; Forecasting ; Humans ; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/prevention & control ; Ovarian Neoplasms/drug therapy/*etiology/metabolism

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of carboplatin-paclitaxel (TC) as an initial treatment in patients with the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage IVb cervical cancer. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed seven patients with stage IVb cervical cancer who have been primarily treated with TC. The activity and the toxicity were evaluated. Response rate was the main endpoint. RESULTS: Overall, the treatment of TC was well tolerated. The overall response rate was 71.4% (2 complete response, 3 partial response). Although grade 3-4 hematologic toxicities were observed in 3 out of 7 patients (42.8%), no patients experienced grade 3-4 non-hematologic toxicities. When we combined our present results with the previous reports, the overall response rate of TC is 63.6%. CONCLUSION: TC is active and well tolerated in patients FIGO stage IVb cervical cancer. This combination may be considered as an initial treatment regimen in this patient population.
Carboplatin ; Gynecology ; Humans ; Obstetrics ; Paclitaxel ; Retrospective Studies ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of paclitaxel plus carboplatin (TC)-based concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) followed by consolidation chemotherapy in the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage IIIB/IVA cervical cancer patients. METHODS: We reviewed the medical records of FIGO stage IIIB/IVA cervical cancer patients (n=30) who had been intended to be treated with TC-based CCRT followed by consolidation chemotherapy (TC-CCRT-group) from April 2012–May 2016. Patients who had been treated with CCRT involving a single platinum agent (CCRT-group; n=52) or definitive radiotherapy alone (RT-group; n=74) from January 1997–September 2012 were also identified and used as historical controls. Survival was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the log-rank test. RESULTS: Of the 30 patients included in the TC-CCRT-group, 22 patients (73.3%) completed the planned TC-based CCRT. The most frequently observed acute grade 3/4 hematological toxicities were leukopenia and neutropenia, and diarrhea was the most common acute grade 3/4 non-hematological toxicity. After a median follow-up of 35 months, 9 patients (30.0%) had developed recurrent disease. The patients' estimated 3-year progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) rates were 67.9% and 90.8%, respectively. In comparisons with historical control groups, the survival outcomes of TC-CCRT-group was significantly superior to CCRT-group in terms of OS (p=0.011) and significantly superior to RT-group in terms of both PFS (p=0.009) and OS (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: TC-based CCRT followed by consolidation chemotherapy is safe and effective. A randomized controlled study needs to be conducted to further evaluate the efficacy of this multimodal approach in this patient population.
Carboplatin* ; Chemoradiotherapy* ; Consolidation Chemotherapy* ; Diarrhea ; Disease-Free Survival ; Follow-Up Studies ; Gynecology ; Humans ; Leukopenia ; Medical Records ; Methods ; Neutropenia ; Obstetrics ; Paclitaxel* ; Platinum ; Prognosis ; Radiotherapy ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms*

OBJECTIVE: To compare the survival outcomes of patients with cervical squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and adenocarcinoma/adenosquamous carcinoma (AC/ASC) among patients with locally advanced cervical cancer that were treated with definitive radiotherapy. METHODS: The baseline characteristics and outcome data of patients with locally advanced cervical cancer who were treated with definitive radiotherapy between November 1993 and February 2014 were collected and retrospectively reviewed. A Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to investigate the prognostic significance of AC/ASC histology. RESULTS: The patients with AC/ASC of the cervix exhibited significantly shorter overall survival (OS) (p=0.004) and progression-free survival (PFS) (p=0.002) than the patients with SCC of the cervix. Multivariate analysis showed that AC/ASC histology was an independent negative prognostic factor for PFS. Among the patients who displayed AC/ASC histology, larger tumor size, older age, and incomplete response to radiotherapy were found to be independent prognostic factors. PFS was inversely associated with the number of poor prognostic factors the patients exhibited (the estimated 1-year PFS rates; 100.0%, 77.8%, 42.8%, 0.0% for 0, 1, 2, 3 factors, respectively). CONCLUSION: Locally advanced cervical cancer patients with AC/ASC histology experience significantly worse survival outcomes than those with SCC. Further clinical studies are warranted to develop a concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) protocol that is specifically tailored to locally advanced cervical AC/ASC.
Adenocarcinoma ; Carcinoma, Adenosquamous ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell* ; Cervix Uteri ; Chemoradiotherapy ; Disease-Free Survival ; Epithelial Cells* ; Female ; Humans ; Multivariate Analysis ; Radiotherapy* ; Retrospective Studies ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms*

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the utility of serum squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC-Ag) levels upon the diagnosis of recurrent cervical cancer for decision making in patient management. METHODS: Clinical records from 167 cervical cancer patients who developed recurrence between April 1996 and September 2010 were reviewed. A Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to investigate the prognostic significance of serum SCC-Ag levels at the time of recurrence. The effects of various salvage treatments on survival outcomes of recurrent cervical cancer were examined with respect to serum SCC-Ag levels. RESULTS: Serum SCC-Ag levels were elevated (>2.0 ng/mL) in 125 patients (75%) when recurrence was diagnosed. These patients exhibited significantly shorter postrecurrence survival than those with normal SCC-Ag levels (log-rank; p=0.033). Multivariate analyses revealed that an elevated serum SCC-Ag level was an independent prognostic factor for poor postrecurrence survival. In patients with SCC-Ag levels <14.0 ng/mL, radiotherapy or surgery resulted in improved survival compared with chemotherapy or supportive care. In contrast, in patients with SCC-Ag levels of > or =14.0 ng/mL, salvage treatment with radiotherapy had only a minimal impact on postrecurrence survival. CONCLUSION: The serum SCC-Ag level measured when cervical cancer recurrence is diagnosed can be useful for deciding upon the appropriate salvage treatment.
Antigens, Neoplasm ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; Decision Making ; Humans ; Multivariate Analysis ; Recurrence ; Serpins ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms

OBJECTIVE: Presence of high-risk factor in cervical cancer is known to be associated with decreased survival outcomes. However, the significance of multiple high-risk factors in early-stage cervical cancer related to survival outcomes, recurrence patterns, and treatment implications is not well elucidated. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted for surgically treated cervical cancer patients (stage IA2-IIB, n=540). Surgical-pathological risk factors were examined and tumors expressing > or =1 high-risk factors (nodal metastasis, parametrial involvement, or positive surgical margin) were eligible for analysis (n=177, 32.8%). Survival analysis was performed based on the number of high-risk factors and the type of adjuvant therapy. RESULTS: There were 68 cases (38.4%) expressed multiple high-risk factors (2 high-risk factors: n=58, 32.8%; 3 high-risk factors: n=10, 5.6%). Multiple high-risk factors remained an independent prognosticator for decreased survival outcomes after controlling for age, histology, stage, and treatment type (disease-free survival: hazard ratio [HR], 2.34; p=0.002; overall survival: HR, 2.32; p=0.007). Postoperatively, 101 cases (57.1%) received concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) and 76 cases (42.9%) received radiotherapy (RT) alone. CCRT was beneficial in single high-risk factor cases: HRs for CCRT over RT alone for cumulative risk of locoregional and distant recurrence, 0.27 (p=0.022) and 0.27 (p=0.005), respectively. However, tumor expressing multiple high-risk factors completely offset the benefit of CCRT over RT alone for the risk of distant recurrence: HR for locoregional and distant recurrence, 0.31 (p=0.071) and 0.99 (p=0.980), respectively. CONCLUSION: Special consideration for the significance of multiple high-risk factors merits further investigation in the management of surgically treated early-stage cervical cancer.
Adult ; Chemoradiotherapy, Adjuvant ; Female ; Humans ; Hysterectomy/*methods ; Lymphatic Metastasis ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local ; Neoplasm Staging ; Radiotherapy, Adjuvant ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Survival Analysis ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/pathology/*surgery

From June 1998 to May 2007, 9566 urine samples were collected from patients with psychomotor deficits, seizures, vomiting and unconsciousness in Peking University First Hospital. Their urine organic acids profiles were analysed using gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GCMS), GCMS solution and Inborn Errors of Metabolism Screening System software. In all patients, blood acylcarnitines were analysed using tandem mass spectrometry. One hundred and sixty-eight patients (1.76%) with organic acidurias were detected. Among them, 116 (116/ 168, 69.0%) had methylmalonic aciduria, 63 (54.3%) of these 116 patients had methylmalonic aciduria combined with homocysteinemia. Sixteen (9.5%) of those patients detected with organic acidurias had propionic aciduria, and 15 (8.9%) had multiple carboxylase deficiency. Seven (4.2%) had glutaric aciduria type 1. After dietary treatment, medicine and rehabilitation, clinical improvements were observed in more than half of the patients. Twenty-eight of the 168 patients (16.7%) recovered and led a normal life. The method of urine organic acid analysis by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry and blood acylcarnitines analysis by tandem mass spectrometry have been established and applied successfully in China, namely Beijing, Shanghai, Wuhan and Guangzhou. The prognoses of Chinese patients with organic acidurias have also improved significantly.
Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Metabolic Diseases ; urine ; Methylmalonic Acid ; urine ; Multiple Acyl Coenzyme A Dehydrogenase Deficiency ; urine ; Propionic Acidemia ; urine