PURPOSE: Biologic characteristics of the tumors could be altered after chemotherapy. Accurate assessment of tumor biology before treatment is important for selecting treatment modalities. Current study was designed to investigate whether multiple molecular markers could be accurately assayed on the fine needle aspirates from the breast carcinoma. METHODS: Immunocytochemical assays (ICA) for p53, cyclin D1, and cathepsin D were performed on cytologic samples from 76 primary breast carcinomas, 37 ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), and 36 benign ductal hyperplasia. ICA for 3 molecules was also performed on the histologic sections from the matching tumor blocks, and the results were compared. RESULTS: Three molecular markers were successfully detected in cytologic samples from the breast carcinomas; p53 in 71.1% (54/76), cyclin D1 in 73.7% (56/76), and cathepsin D in 44.7% (34/76). Their expression was rarely observed in benign hyperplasia; p53 in 0/36, cyclin D1 in 7/36, and cathepsin D in 4/36. Increase of expression frequency of 3 molecules was apparent through the progress of the disease. Results of ICA for each molecules were well correlated between cytologic and histologic samples; concordance was 93.4% (71/76) for p53, 81.6% (62/76) for cyclin D1, and 73.7% (56/76) for cathepsin D. When 3 molecular markers were integrated to the preoperative diagnosis, positive predictive value was 90.6% for malignant breast disease. CONCLUSION: Three molecular markers were successfully assayed on cytologic samples and well correlated with the results from the histologic sections. The results indicate that the biologic information from the fine needle aspirates can be reliably integrated to patients treatment.
Biology ; Breast Diseases ; Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating ; Cathepsin D* ; Cathepsins* ; Cyclin D1* ; Cyclins* ; Diagnosis ; Drug Therapy ; Humans ; Hyperplasia ; Needles ; Population Characteristics

PURPOSE: Most tests developed for the determination of the HER2 status still require validation, although identification of the HER2 status is important for predicting the response to specific systemic therapy in breast cancer. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were performed for the HER2 expression on the tissue microarray (TMA) from primary breast cancers to validate the feasibility of IHC for HER2 assay. METHODS: A TMA was constructed from 134~231 primary breast cancers. FISH and IHC were repeated more than twice, and the results were analyzed. Three kinds of primary antibody for IHC were used and compared. RESULTS: The HER2 was amplified by FISH in 24~28% of breast cancer with a concordance between multiple assays of 92~100% (kappa=0.994-0.965), while the HER2 was overexpressed in 21~27% by IHC. The HER2 was amplified in 70~100% of the IHC 3+ cases, but was observed in only 45~78% and 5~12% of the IHC 2+ and IHC 0~1+ cases, respectively. The results from the IHC, using 3 different primary antibodies to HER2, were in good agreement each other at 88~92% (kappa=0.902-0.799). CONCLUSION: The results of the FISH appeared to be more reproducible than those of the IHC in the current study. The results of the IHC were not different from each other according to primary antibody used. However, a considerable proportions of the IHC positive cases were not confirmed by the FISH. This report indicates a need to improve the laboratory quality control measures when using the IHC for the HER2 assay, including the periodic testing for the concordance with FISH.
Antibodies ; Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Fluorescence* ; Immunohistochemistry* ; In Situ Hybridization* ; Quality Control

Objectives: : The purpose of this study was to develop a cognitive-behavioral intervention for college students at high risk for mental health and to investigate its effect on mental health outcomes. Methods: : The program was developed to reduce depressive symptoms and adverse outcomes while promoting resilience and positive effects. It consisted of eight sessions in a small group format for eight weeks. Thirty subjects at high risk for mental health participated in the program. Outcomes on the depressive symptoms, resilience, satisfaction with life, negative affect, and positive affect were evaluated at pre-and post-intervention. Results: : Depressive symptom scores reduced significantly post-intervention compared to pre-intervention (t=3.51, p=0.002). Resilience scores (t=-3.65, p=0.001) and satisfaction with life scores (t=-3.00, p=0.006) increased after intervention than pre-intervention. Positive affect scores decreased post-intervention (t=2.28, p=0.031). There was no significant difference between pre-and post-intervention negative affect scores (t=-0.94, p=0.356). Conclusions : Present study demonstrated that group-based cognitive-behavioral intervention could be helpful for college students at high risk for mental health to reduce mental health symptoms and improve healthy protective factors.

Solid and papillary epithelial neoplasm of the pancreas(SPENP) is an uncommon low grade malignant tumor histologically distinct from the usual ductal adenocarcinoma and amenable to cure by surgical excision. The main features of SPENP are a peculiar morphology, favorable prognosis, and prediction for women 10 and 40 years of age. In men, the occurrence of SPENP seems to be exceedingly rare. The tumor is usually large at the time of presentation, and surgical excision is the treatment of choice. Gross pathologic examination revealed apparent encapsulation, cystic degeneration, and hemorrhagic necrosis. Microscopically, the tumor was characterized by distinctive solid and papillary patterns. This benign or low-grade malignant epithelial tumor is composed of monomorphous cells variably expressing epithelial, mesenchymal, and endocrine markers. The tumor is known to have good prognosis; although local invasion and infiltration of the capsule may occur. Despite growing recognition of this tumor, its histogenesis remains a matter of controversy i.e. pancreatic ductal cell origin, acinar cell origin, pluripotential cell origin. A 44-year-old male presented with an one-year history of postprandial abdominal pain. Following abdominal ultrasonography, computed axial tomography and angiography, a SPENP suspected. The patient underwent exploratory laparotomy. The tumor was located in the head of pancreas. And thus the patient underwent a pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy. His postoperative course was uneventful, and he remains well.
Abdominal Pain ; Acinar Cells ; Adenocarcinoma ; Adult* ; Angiography ; Carcinoma ; Female ; Head ; Humans ; Laparotomy ; Male* ; Necrosis ; Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial* ; Pancreas* ; Pancreatic Ducts ; Pancreaticoduodenectomy ; Prognosis ; Ultrasonography

PURPOSE: We wanted to evaluate the accuracy of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) in patients with clinically negative lymph node after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. METHODS: Fifty-nine women underwent 4 cycles of neoadjuvant chemotherapy with epirubicin (75 mg/m2) plus docetaxel (75 mg/m2), or with doxorubicin (50 mg/m2), cyclophosphamide (600 mg/m2) and 5-fluorouracil (500 mg/m2) for their primary breast cancer. Their median age was 41 yr (range: 29-62) and all the tumors were larger than 3 cm in maximum diameter. SLNB was performed 3 min after periareolar injection of 1% isosulfan blue dye. All the patients underwent lymph node dissection at the level 1 and 2 axillary areas irrespective of their nodal status. RESULTS: A clinical response after neoadjuvant chemotherapy was observed in 46 patients (88%) and 11 (18.7%) patients had a complete pathologic response. Thirty-five patients (62.7%) underwent breast conserving surgery. The sentinel lymph node was identified in 96.6% and the median number of sentinel nodes was 3 (range: 1-6). The median number of dissected nodes was 14 (range: 11-47). Metastasis to the lymph node was observed in 56% of the patients. The sentinel lymph node was the only metastatic node in 12 patients. Three patients with a negative sentinel lymph node were confirmed to have metastasis to non-sentinel nodes after the final histologic examination (false negative rate: 9.1%). The overall accuracy of SLNB was 94.7%. CONCLUSION: SLNB after neoadjuvant chemotherapy was a safe method in patients with clinically negative lymph node.
Breast Neoplasms ; Cyclophosphamide ; Doxorubicin ; Drug Therapy* ; Epirubicin ; Female ; Fluorouracil ; Humans ; Lymph Node Excision ; Lymph Nodes* ; Mastectomy, Segmental ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy*

PURPOSE: Incidental parathyroidectomy is the most common and unexpected consequence of a total thyroidectomy. It can cause hypocalcemia symptoms such as muscle cramping and even seizures. We conducted this study to compare several factors including the preservation rate of parathyroid glands during both a bilateral axillo-breast approach endoscopic thyroidectomy (BABA) and a conventional open thyroidectomy (CT) for papillary thyroid carcinomas. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 299 papillary thyroid cancer patients who had a total thyroidectomy between January 2008 and December 2011. We grouped the patients into two groups: BABA (n=70) and CT (n=229). We analyzed age, tumor size, operation time, the number of preserved and removed parathyroid glands, amount and duration of seroma drainage, pain score, hypocalcemia symptoms, and serum total calcium level in both the BABA and CT groups. RESULTS: We observed a younger age (under 45 years old) (P=0.000), smaller tumor size (P=0.000), longer operation time (P=0.000), larger amount of drainage (P=0.000), longer duration of drainage (P=0.007), and larger pain score (P=0.000) in the BABA group. Of the 70 patients that received an endoscopic thyroidectomy, we preserved all four parathyroid glands in 56 patients (78.6%). Of the 229 patients that received an open thyroidectomy, we preserved all four parathyroid glands in 141 patients (61.6%, P=0.004). CONCLUSION: BABA results in more extensive tissue damage over a longer period of time than CT. However, BABA was an excellent method for preserving parathyroid glands when compared with CT for thyroid carcinoma. Thus, it seems to be feasible performing BABA when it matches the indications.
Calcium ; Drainage ; Humans ; Hypocalcemia ; Hypoparathyroidism ; Medical Records ; Methods ; Muscle Cramp ; Parathyroid Glands* ; Parathyroidectomy ; Retrospective Studies ; Seizures ; Seroma ; Thyroid Gland* ; Thyroid Neoplasms* ; Thyroidectomy*

PURPOSE: The optimal sequence of chemotherapy (CT) and radiotherapy (RT) remains uncertain although both can reduce breast cancer recurrence after breast-conserving surgery (BCS). The current study was performed to evaluate whether concurrent RT with CT increases chemotherapy-associated toxicities. METHODS: Two hundred and thirty-eight patients with stage I and II breast cancers were prospectively allocated concurrent CT and RT (N=133) or sequential CT and RT (N= 105) after BCS. In the sequential group, the RT was started after completion of 3 cycles of CT with an additional 3 cycles of CT delivered after the RT. All patients underwent intravenous CMF chemotherapy composed of cyclophosphamide (500 mg/m2), methotrexate (50 mg/m2) and 5-FU (500 mg/ m2), every 3 weeks for 6 cycles following surgery. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the two groups with regard to the grade 3 or 4 hematologic toxicities during chemotherapy or in abnormal liver enzyme elevation. Radiation related adverse effects, such as moist desquamation and pneumonitis symptom, were no different between the two groups. During the median 42 month follow-up period, range 16- to 60 months, 18 (13.5%) and 20 (19.1%) patients in the concurrent and sequential groups had systemic recurrences of breast cancer. The disease-free survival and local recurrence rates were no different between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Concurrent CT and RT were not associated with an increased toxicity and reasonable cosmetic results were achieved in this current study. The current study indicates that concurrent RT with CT after BCS is a feasible treatment modality, with the advantage of a shortening treatment time.
Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Chemotherapy, Adjuvant* ; Cyclophosphamide ; Disease-Free Survival ; Drug Therapy ; Fluorouracil ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Liver ; Mastectomy, Segmental* ; Methotrexate ; Pneumonia ; Prospective Studies ; Radiotherapy* ; Recurrence

Technetium-99m methoxyisobutylisonitrile (99mTc-MIBI) uptake is known to be increased in breast cancer because of increased blood flow from angiogenesis and heightened metabolism. We performed a 99mTc-MIBI scan in a patient with mammary Paget's disease. The patient had underlying invasive cancer in the same side of the breast. 99mTc-MIBI scan exhibited a scintigraphic image of the uptake from the invasive cancer lesion located deeply in the breast toward the epidermis. 99mTc-MIBI showed an uptake in the deeply located invasive cancer lesion as well as nipple lesion. Especially, the delayed phase of Tc-MIBI scan demonstrated the tumor site more accurately. In conclusion, 99mTc-MIBI scan could be a useful adjunct to clinical decision making in the management of Paget's disease of the breast.
Breast Neoplasms/radionuclide imaging* ; Breast Neoplasms/pathology ; Case Report ; Female ; Human ; Middle Age ; Nipples/pathology ; Paget's Disease, Mammary/radionuclide imaging* ; Paget's Disease, Mammary/pathology ; Skin/pathology ; Technetium Tc 99m Sestamibi/diagnostic use*

PURPOSE: Valid determination of HER2 status is a prerequisite to establish an adequate treatment strategy for breast cancer patients, regardless of the disease stage. The goal of this study was to examine the feasibility of the newly developed silver-enhanced in situ hybridization (SISH) technique as an alternative to fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for HER2 assay in primary invasive breast cancer. METHODS: FISH and SISH for HER2 amplification were performed using tissue microarray. Both methods were used in 257 consecutive primary breast cancers. RESULTS: HER2 amplification was observed in 62 (23.1%) of a total of 257 breast cancers based on SISH. Of the 257 breast cancers measured using both methods, the results of the two methods were consistent in 248 (concordance, 96.5%; kappa=0.903). When we compared HER2 amplification in the primary tumor with the metastatic lymph nodes of the same patients, HER2 amplification was observed in nine cases (14.0%) out of 64 cases in which HER2 was not amplified in the primary tumors. In contrast, HER2 status was completely preserved in metastatic lymph nodes showing HER2 amplification in the primary tumor. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that SISH can be a feasible alternative to FISH in the clinical setting. In node-positive breast cancer, confirmation of the HER2 status of the metastatic lymph nodes appears to be mandatory, regardless of the HER2 status of the primary tumors.
Breast ; Breast Neoplasms ; Fluorescence ; Humans ; In Situ Hybridization ; Lymph Nodes

PURPOSE: Whole breast irradiation (WBI) after breast conserving surgery (BCS) is the standard treatment modality for controlling ipsilateral local recurrence of breast cancer. However, the WBI needs 5 to 6 weeks of the treatment period. Partial breast irradiation (PBI) has recently appeared as an alternative treatment to WBI in selected early breast cancer patients. This study was performed to evaluate the feasibility of PBI alone after BCS. METHODS: The brachy-catheters were inserted at the lumpectomy site after BCS. Six to nine days after the operation, the patients underwent fractionated PBI twice in a day with median dose of 3 Gy. The median value of the total dose was 3,120 cGy (28 to 34 Gy) given over 5 days. Forty-one patients who were proven as having a tumor-free margin by pathologic report were included in this study. Thirty-five patients had axillary lymph node-negative disease and thirty- six patients underwent concurrent adjuvant CMF chemotherapy. Follow-up ultrasono graphy was performed one month after the completion of PBI. RESULTS: The median post-operative hospital stay was 15 days (range: 12-17 days). Twenty-eight patients had seromas smaller than 1 cm in size and the 13 patients appeared to have 1~3 cm sized seromas on the follow-up ultrasonography. Long lasting (> 3 months) seromas were observed in 7 patients. None of the patients complained of tenderness or discomfort of the operation site and complications such as skin desquamation, pigmentation and wound contracture were not observed. Fat necrosis was observed in 1 patient. There was no case of local recurrence at the median follow-up period of 19 months (range: 15-41 months). CONCLUSION: PBI for early breast cancer using interstitial brachytherapy was a safe and effective alternative to WBI with excellent cosmetic results after BCS. The results of the current study prompts a multi-center clinical trial of PBI as an alternative to the WBI in early breast cancer to validate its feasibility in a selected patient population.
Brachytherapy ; Breast Neoplasms ; Breast* ; Contracture ; Drug Therapy ; Fat Necrosis ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Length of Stay ; Mastectomy, Segmental* ; Pigmentation ; Recurrence ; Seroma ; Skin ; Ultrasonography ; Wounds and Injuries