OBJECTIVETo study the dynamic accumulation of dry matter and index components and provide reference to the manual cultural technique of Pinellia ternata.

METHODSeedlings of Taizhou P. ternata were used as the pot experiment material, and the contents of free total organic acid and guanosine of each organ were determined at different stages of spring and autumn period.

RESULTP. ternata had two growth climax in spring and autumn. Under the same condition of cultivation and management, dry matter largely accumulated in spring. The contents of free total organic acid and guanosine was ascending during the growth period, but dropped during sprout tumble bolting and sprout tumble stage.

CONCLUSIONHigh temperature and bolting affect the accumulation of organic acids significantly, it is reasonable to prevent the temperature stress in production.

Acids ; metabolism ; Guanosine ; metabolism ; Hot Temperature ; Pinellia ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Seasons ; Seedlings ; chemistry ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effects of nitrogen concentration on the camptothecin (CPT) content in Camptotheca acuminata seedlings:

METHODThe seedlings of C. acuminata with 6 pair of leaves were subjected to five nitrogen concentrations treatments by sand culture in a greenhouse. The CPT content in the seedlings was determined by HPLC on the 20th, 35th, 50th, 65th and 80th day respectively.

RESULTThe CPT content in the young leaves of C. acuminata seedlings supplied with different nitrogen concentration was significantly higher than that in other organs (P < 0.01), and it showed a single peak curve with the time course, the highest CPT content was observed on the 50th day after treatment. The CPT content in the young leaves obviously declined with increasing nitrogen concentration, and it reached the highest (6.72%) when nitrogen concentration was 4 mmol x L(-1), equal to 1.1 times that of 16 mmol x L(-1) nitrogen.

CONCLUSIONThe results demonstrate that proper deficient nitrogen stress can significantly enhance CPT accumulation in young leaves of C. acuminata seedlings.

Camptotheca ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Camptothecin ; metabolism ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Nitrogen ; pharmacology ; Seedlings ; drug effects ; metabolism

Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) in production is frequently exposed to inadequate light, which significantly affects its agronomic traits via inhibiting their physiological, metabolic and developmental processes. To explore the mechanism how the grape plants respond to the weak light stress, we used 'Yinhong' grape and examined their physiology-biochemistry characteristics and transcriptional profile under different levels of weak light stress. The results showed that grape seedlings upon low intensity shading treatments were not significantly affected. As the shading stress intensity was strengthened, the epidermis cells, palisade tissue, and spongy tissue in the leaves were thinner, the intercellular space between the palisade tissue and spongy tissue was larger compared with that of the control, and the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase were decreased gradually. Additionally, the soluble protein content increased and the free proline content decreased gradually. Compared with the control, significant changes in plant photosynthetic characteristics and physiology-biochemistry characteristics were observed under high intensity of shading (80%). RNA-seq data showed that the differentially expressed genes between CK and T2, CK and T4, T2 and T4 were 13 913, 13 293 and 14 943, respectively. Most of the enrichment pathways were closely related with the plant's response to stress. Several signaling pathways in response to stress-resistance, e.g. JA/MYC2 pathway and MAPK signal pathway, were activated under weak light stress. The expression level of a variety of genes related to antioxidation (such as polyphenol oxidase and thioredoxin), photosynthesis (such as phytochrome) was altered under weak light stress, indicating that 'Yinhong' grape may activate the antioxidation related pathways to cope with reactive oxygen species (ROS). In addition, it may activate the expression of photosynthetic pigment and light reaction structural protein to maintain the photosynthesis activity. This research may help better understand the relevant physiological response mechanism and facilitate cultivation of grape seedlings under weak light.
Vitis/metabolism* ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Photosynthesis/genetics* ; Plant Leaves ; Light ; Seedlings/metabolism*

In order to study the effects of Ca2+ in the biosynthesis of salvianolic acid B (Sal B) induced by salicylic acid (SA) in the young seedlings of Salvia miltiorrhiza, we used confocal laser scanning microscopy and high performance liquid chromatography to measure the change of relative fluorescence intensity of Ca2+ and the contents of Sal B induced by SA before and after the application of extracellular calcium channel inhibitors (VP and LaCl3), intracellular calcium channel inhibitor (LiCl), as well as intracellular calmodulin antagonist (TFP). SA could induce the calcium burst, and the Ca2+ peak could last to 2-3 min in the guard cells of S. miltiorrhiza, which prompted the biosynthesis of Sal B after the Ca2+ burst. Both Vp or LaCl3, and LiCl or TFP could inhibit the burst of Ca2+ and the biosynthesis of Sal B. The above results demonstrated that Ca2+ from the extracellular and the intracellular calcium store regulate the biosynthesis of Sal B elicited by salicylic acid in S. miltiorrhiz young seedlings.
Benzofurans ; metabolism ; Calcium ; metabolism ; Plant Leaves ; metabolism ; Salicylic Acid ; pharmacology ; Salvia miltiorrhiza ; metabolism ; Seedlings ; metabolism ; Signal Transduction

OBJECTIVETo study the relationship between morphological characteristics of growth cycle for Epimedium acuminatium and accumulation level of secondary metabolites.

METHODAfter making habitat clear, methods of morphology observation, specimen preparation, organism charting were applied to record morphological characteristics of E. acuminatium at different stages. HPLC was employed to detect icariin content of different parts of the plant at the stage of vegetative growth and sexual reproduction.

RESULTThe growth cycle of E. acuminatium was divided into vegetative growth stage and sexual and asexual reproduction coexistence stage. Seven to eight years were needed for the plants flowering and seeding of E. acuminatimcan in open land of forest edge, but within good nutrition conditions, growth cycle is shortened into three to four years. The difference of icariin content in two growth stages was not significant.

CONCLUSIONMorphological change of lower and foliar organ can be utilized to estimate growth age. But after applying sexual propagation for both root and stem of grown plants, it's been difficult to determine their growth year. If individual biomass or yield is economical, plants can be harvested in both vegetative growth and sexual reproduction stages.

Biomass ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Epimedium ; growth & development ; metabolism ; Flavonoids ; metabolism ; Plant Roots ; growth & development ; metabolism ; Reproduction ; Seedlings ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo study the salt stress tolerance of Hongxinju, Huangju and F1 seedlings from orthogonal and reciprocal cross under different salt treatments. Grope for transmissibility of salt tolerance between parents and F1 seedlings, and relativity between flavone, chlorogenic acid contents and salt tolerance.

METHODThe materials were put in 5 different concentrations of Hoagland nutrient solution (0, 40, 80, 120, 160 mmol x L(-1)) containing NaCl, keeping grads while raising the consistency of NaCl day by day. The injured leaf area per plant, proline, betaine, MDA, flavones and chlorogenic acid contents were measured and analyzed after treatment.

RESULTAs NaCl concentration was below 120 mmol x L(-1), the salt tolerance of Hongxinju was higher than that of Huangju, the salt tolerance of Hongxinju x Huangju higher than that of parents, the salt tolerance of Huangju x Hongxinju was at the level of parents. As NaCl concentration between 120 to 160 mmol x L(-1), the salt tolerance of Huangju was higher than that of Hongxinju, the salt tolerance of Huangju x Hongxinju higher than that of parents and the salt tolerance of Hongxinju x Huangju was at the level of parents.

CONCLUSIONSalt tolerance of F1 is more influenced by female parent, relativity showed between flavonoids, chlorogenic acid contents and salt tolerance.

Breeding ; China ; Chlorides ; metabolism ; Chrysanthemum ; genetics ; growth & development ; physiology ; Salt-Tolerance ; Seedlings ; genetics ; growth & development ; physiology

The experiment included three potassium levels (K0 0 g x kg(-1), K1 0.33 g x kg(-1), K2 0.67 g x kg(-1)) and two water gradients (well watered and drought stress), then measured growth indicators, SOD, POD, CAT activities and concents of osmotic regulation substances. To explore the effects of K fertilizer and water on growth and physiological characteristics of Isatis indigotica, providing reference for improving drought resistance of I. indigotica. The result showed drought stress inhibited the growth and decreased the biomass of I. indigotica but K fertilizer can alleviate the drought stress. Compared with K0 treatment, K1, K2 treatment increased the biomass of overground part of by 89. 13% ,60. 87% under drought stress. The corresponding increase in soluble sugar content was 16.67%, 5.00%, and in proline content was 42.41%, 65.62%, respectively. SOD,POD and CAT activities was significantly improved in K1, K2 treatment in comparison with K0 treatment under drought stress, but soluble protein content significantly reduced. The conclusion is that appropriate amount of K fertilizer can increase the activities of antioxidase and the content of osmoregulation substance under drought stress, and improve drought resistance of I. indigotica.
Fertilizers ; analysis ; Isatis ; chemistry ; enzymology ; growth & development ; metabolism ; Peroxidase ; metabolism ; Plant Proteins ; metabolism ; Potassium ; analysis ; metabolism ; Seedlings ; chemistry ; enzymology ; growth & development ; metabolism ; Superoxide Dismutase ; metabolism ; Water ; analysis ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect of intracellular and extracellular Ca2+ on the biosynthesis of rosmarinic acid (RA) induced by salicylic acid in young seedlings of Salvia miltiorrhiza.

METHODYoung seedlings of S. miltiorrhiza were used to select an optimal concentration of salicylic acid (SA), and then use the optimal concentration of SA to investigate the effects of extracellular Ca2+ channel inhibitors Verapamil, LaCl3, intracelluar calmodulin antagonist TFP and intracelluar Ca2+ channel inhibitors LiCl on the biosynthesis of RA and related enzymes.

RESULTSA increased the accumulation of RA and the activities of PAL and TAT, especially the SA of 2 mmol x L(-1) after 24 h. SA improved the accumulation of RA to (40.51 +/- 2.16) mg x g(-1), which was 1.97 times than that of control, and the activities of PAL, TAT were 1.42 times and 1.29 times than those of the control. However, Vp, LaCl3, TFP, LiCl inhibited the effects of SA evidently.

CONCLUSIONCa2+ plays a key role in the regulation of the induction process.

Calcium ; metabolism ; Cinnamates ; metabolism ; Depsides ; metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Plant Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Salicylic Acid ; metabolism ; Salvia miltiorrhiza ; genetics ; growth & development ; metabolism ; Seedlings ; genetics ; growth & development ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo study the effect of drought stress on the changes of physiological adaptation of Atractylodes lancea seedlings.

METHODInvestigation was carried out on content changes of MDA, soluble protein, and activities of SOD, POD, CAT, APX in A. lancea seedlings under polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000)-simulated drought stress.

RESULTIn A. lancea seedlings treated with 15% and 25% PEG, the content of MDA increased significantly with the stress time, and increased more significantly at a higher concentration of PEG. The content of soluble protein increased significantly after treatment on the day one and day three; activities of SOD, POD, CAT and APX increased at first and decreased later, increasing rates rose at high concentration of PEG moreover, activities of POD, APX reached the maximum after three days, and the time of maximum activities changed with concentration of PEG.

CONCLUSIONA. lancea seedlings adapted to drought stress by increasing the content of soluble protein to decrease water potential, and by improving activities of protective enzymes to enhance anti-oxidative ability under drought stress.

Adaptation, Physiological ; physiology ; Ascorbate Peroxidases ; Atractylodes ; enzymology ; metabolism ; physiology ; Catalase ; metabolism ; Droughts ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; physiology ; Peroxidase ; metabolism ; Peroxidases ; metabolism ; Seedlings ; enzymology ; metabolism ; physiology ; Superoxide Dismutase ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo study the effect of waterlogging stress on medicinal Chrysanthemum morifolium during the seedling stage and build a reliable evaluation of flooding tolerance indicator system.

METHODThe three cultivars: C. morifolium cv. Hongxinju, C. morifolium cv. Xiaobaiju and C. morifolium cv. Changbanju were studied for the and the effect of waterlogging stress on their physiological and biochemical chracteristics.

RESULTWith the extension of waterlogging, the content of chlorophyll and relative leaf water potential were decreased, meanwhile malonaldehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH) and soluble sugar were increased. The catalase (CAT) of C. morifolium cv. Hongxinju rose at first and then dropped and CAT of C. morifolium cv. Xiaobailu and C. morifolium cv. Changbanju declined at first before decreased, and then dropped again. The peroxidase (POD) rose firstly before decrease and then increases again. After the waterlogging treatments which last for 4 days, the physiology and biochemistry characteristics can not restore to the comparison (CK) within 3 days.

CONCLUSIONFour days waterlogging treatment had made serious damage on medicinal Chrysanthemum. Among three cultivars, C. morifolium Ramat. cv. Hongxinju showed the highest tolerance ability, while C. morifolium cv. Changbanju was the lowest, and C. morifolium cv. Xiaobaiu was in the middle. The malonaldehyde (MDA) and catalase (CAT) could be the main physiological and biochemical indexes to reflect the tolerance ability against waterlogging.

Carbohydrate Metabolism ; Carbohydrates ; analysis ; Catalase ; analysis ; metabolism ; Chrysanthemum ; chemistry ; enzymology ; physiology ; Dehydration ; Malondialdehyde ; analysis ; metabolism ; Peroxidase ; analysis ; metabolism ; Plant Proteins ; analysis ; metabolism ; Seedlings ; chemistry ; enzymology ; physiology ; Water ; metabolism