BACKGROUND: Antifibrinolytics such as aprotinin and tranexamic acid have been administered to reduce blood loss of cardiac surgery, but opinions differ regarding the efficacy of each drug. This study was performed to compare the hemostatic effects between aprotinin and tranexamic acid on adult open heart anesthesia and to evaluate their additive effects. METHODS: We randomly allocated 73 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting or double valve surgery to 4 groups. Group I was non-medicated control(n=15), group II(n=21)patients were recipients of a high dose of aprotinin, group III(n=16) patients were recipients of a conventional dose of tranexamic acid, and group IV(n=21) were recipient of both drugs. Cardiopulmonary bypass time, total operation time, hematocrit, platelet count, transfusion amount and 6 hours of postoperative chest tube drainage were measured. RESULTS: The medicated three groups significantly demonstrated less amounts of blood transfusion and blood loss over the first 6 hours at ICU compared to the nonmedicated control group. Total operation times were shorter in group II, III, and IV compared to group I. Use of both agents together was more effective in reducing the total operation time and blood loss compared to tranexamic alone. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that the use of aprotinin and tranexamic acid result in significant positive hemostatic effects but superiority of one agent vs. the others is not proved. Use of two agents together yield a more positive effective in reducing the operation time and the blood loss compared to single agent alone but further study would be needed to fully confirm.
Adult* ; Anesthesia ; Antifibrinolytic Agents ; Aprotinin* ; Blood Transfusion ; Cardiopulmonary Bypass ; Chest Tubes ; Coronary Artery Bypass ; Drainage ; Heart* ; Hematocrit ; Humans ; Platelet Count ; Thoracic Surgery* ; Tranexamic Acid*

Pulmonary artery sling is a rare congenital condition in which the left pulmonary artery arises anomalously fmm the right pulmonary artery extrapericardially and encirdes the right main stem bronchus and passes between the trachea and esophaghus to reach the hilum of the left lung. Respiratory obstruction vesults from compression of the lower area of trachea and right main stem bronchus. It is rare cause of respiratory distress in the new bom and may be associated with significant morbidity and mortality. We experienced the case of pulmonary artery sling with diffuse trachea stenosis and congenital heart disease (pulmonary atresia and PDA) and confirmed the anomaly by bronchogram and MRI. The presumed cause of death was respiratory obsruction due to pulmonary artery sling.
Bronchi ; Cause of Death ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Heart Defects, Congenital ; Lung ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Mortality ; Pulmonary Artery* ; Trachea ; Tracheal Stenosis*

Coronary artery bypass grafting(CABG) without cardiopulmonary bypass is now an accepted technique of myocardial revasculization in terms of preventive method from various complications of cardiopulmonary bypass. Despite danger of myocardial ischemia, induced hypotension with bradycardia are sometimes necessary for the convenience of operative approach to beating heart. We report a case of induced hypotension with bradycardia during general anesthesia for CABG without cardiopulmonary bypass. After induction and maintenance of balanced anesthesia with fentanyl-midazolam-isofluranepiperocuronium for the 68 kg, 55 years old male stable angina patient, we induced controlled hypotension(systolic blood pressure: 70~80 mmHg) and bradycardia(heart rate: 50~60/min.) by bolus injections of verapamil 5 mg and esmolol 30 mg followed by continuous infusion of esmolol 0.1~0.3 mg/kg/min. during 50 minutes of main graft implantations without bypass. Any significant ischemic changes on EKG were not detected during induced hypotension and bradycardia. Patient was recovered without any signs of myocardial ischemia postoperativery and discharged 8 days after operation.
Anesthesia, General* ; Angina, Stable ; Arteries* ; Balanced Anesthesia ; Blood Pressure ; Bradycardia* ; Cardiopulmonary Bypass* ; Coronary Artery Bypass ; Electrocardiography ; Heart ; Humans ; Hypotension* ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Myocardial Ischemia ; Transplants* ; Verapamil

Complete consciousness may return Tery slowly following general anesthesia. Although most patiients appear to approach their preanesthetic state within minutes to tours, but there appears to be some changes in cognitive functions for the next 2 to 4 days after halothane anesthesia. For the evaluation of recovery time from halothane anesthesia, we studied 10 pediatric patients who received N2O-O2-halothane anesthesia, During the recovery after cessation of halothane inhalation, we administered N2O (2 l/min) and O2 (1 l/min) with Dameca anesth-esia machine. All the patients ware ventilated with Dameca ventilator. The minute ventil-ation was 145 ml/kg/min. Throughout the experiments, we measured inspired( l) and end-tidal (ET) O2, CO2, N2O, N2, and halothane concentrations with mass spectrometry. Control data were obtained just after cessation of halothane inhalation, and all the data after then were compared with control data and expressed as % response of control. The concentrations of O2, CO2, N2, and N2O were net changed significantly during the experiment. The inspired halothane concentration (C1 HAL) in control was 1.14+/-0.08 vol% and it sho- wed significant progreasive decrease by each minute, The most abrupt decrease in C1 HAL was noticed in 3 min and 6 min: 68.8% and 73.0% in 3 min and 6 min respectively. The endtidal halothane concentrations (CET HAL) were 1.06 vol%, 0.52 vo1%, 0.39 vol% and 0.32 vol% in control, 3 min, 6min and 9 min respectively. The end-tidal halothane concentrations were also significantly decreased progressively. CET HAL/C1 HAL ratio was 0.91+/-0.02 in centrol, but it wag alwayg more than 1.0 after cessation of halothane, which indicates continuous elimination of halothane from the body, The complete disappearance times of inspired and end-tidal halothane calculated from the linear regreasion equations were 60.26 min and 63.10 min, respectively.
Anesthesia* ; Anesthesia, General ; Consciousness ; Halothane* ; Humans ; Inhalation ; Mass Spectrometry ; Ventilators, Mechanical

Echocardiography has been the most widely applicable noninvasive cardiovascular imaging technique. Recent advances in this technique have extended its use into the operating room by development of transesophageal approach. Many anesthesiologists use transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) because it provides a more direct and rapid method of assessing cardiac anatomy and function. Intraoperative TEE done by anesthesiologists or cardiologists makes it possible for operation team to get useful informations such as cardiac filling, valvular function, cardiac contractility, intracardiac shunt, segmental wall motion abnormality and adequacy of coronary blood flow, etc. We analyzed our clinical experiences of forty six cases of TEE (6.0%) in 767 cases of anesthesia for open heart surgery at the Sejong General Hospital during the period from September 1993 to August 1994. 767 open heart surgical cases were divided into 4 groups by disease entity ; 498 cases of group I(congenital), 190 cases of group II(valvular), 63 cases of group III(ischemic) and 16 cases of group IV(miscellaneous). TEE was done for 22 cases of male patients and 24 cases of female patients. 32 cases of TEE were done for the age group between 21 to 30 years old. The number of TEE was 26 cases of group II, 11 cases of group I, 7 cases of group III and 2 cases of group IV, respectively. The main purpose of TEE in descending order was 27 cases for assessment of cardiac contractility, 18 cases for valvular function after valvuloplasty, 7 cases for the evaluation of low cardiac output syndrome(LCOS), and 7 cases for adequacy of coronary blood flow respectively. Two cases of Biopump in group I, 2 cases of Biopump in group II, 3 cases of intraaortic baloon pump(IABP) in group II, III and IV were applied after TEE. Two cases of mitral valvular replacement(MVR) were done immediately after confirmation of valvular insufficiency by TEE. These results have demonstrated that TEE is one of the useful monitoring devices for the anesthesia in open heart surgery by assessment of variable informations about patients' cardiac status.
Adult ; Anesthesia ; Cardiac Output, Low ; Echocardiography ; Echocardiography, Transesophageal* ; Female ; Heart* ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Male ; Operating Rooms ; Thoracic Surgery*

Adverse respiratory events during endotracheal intubation for general anesthesia are variable. These events frequently occur to difficult airway patients. Traumatic endotracheal intubation with poor glottic exposure and blind thrust can perforate the hypopharynx or cervical esophagus. We experienced a case of esophageal perforation during endotracheal intubation for general anesthesia of total hip replacement in a 50 year old female patient. Neck extension was almost impossible due to longstanding ankylosing rheumatoid cervical arthritis. We tried several times of endotracheal intubation but failed. Post-operative esophago-graphy after we found subcutaneous emphysema confirmed esophageal perforation. Emergency tube drainage and general supportive care were done. Fortunately she recovered uneventfully and discharged on post-op. 30th days.
Anesthesia, General ; Arthritis ; Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip ; Drainage ; Emergencies ; Esophageal Perforation* ; Esophagus ; Female ; Humans ; Hypopharynx ; Intubation, Intratracheal* ; Middle Aged ; Neck ; Subcutaneous Emphysema

BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes develops because of defects in both insulin secretion and action. The half-life of insulin in uremia is prolonged because the metabolic clearance rate of insulin in diabetic end stage renal disease (ESRD) patients is reduced with consequence that the dose of insulin and/or oral hypoglycemic agent (OHA) administered in normal renal function make them increase the risk of hypoglycemia. Therefore, we should usually reduce the dose of insulin and/or OHA, or stop administration of insulin and/or OHA if type 2 diabetic patients are progressed to ESRD. But in some patients, that is not true. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that insulin resistance plays an important role in (re)evaluation of optimal insulin and/or OHA dose for glycemic control after type 2 diabetic patients are progressed to ESRD. METHODS: Insulin resistance was examined in 23 type 2 diabetic ESRD patients with tight control of glycemia using the K index of the insulin tolerance test (Kitt). We divided 23 patients into three groups. Group 1 (n=10) was defined as patients who were administered neither insulin nor OHA after ESRD. Group 2 (n=9) was defined as patients who were changed from insulin to OHA as drug for glycemic control after ESRD. Group 3 (n=4) was defined as patients in whom insulin or OHA was continuously administered after ESRD without a change of them for glycemic control. We compared the degree of insulin resistance among these three groups. RESULTS: Insulin resistance determined by Kitt was significantly different between group 1 (Kitt, 2.1422/0.94-4.01%/min), group 2 (Kitt, 1.3811/0.79- 3.90%/min) and group 3 (Kitt, 0.8550/0.44-1.81%/min) by using Kruskal-Wallis test (p=0.048). Kitt in group 3 was significantly lower than in group 1 by using Mann-Whitney test (p=0.016). CONCLUSION: Although metabolic clearance of insulin is reduced by renal failure, demand of insulin/ OHA for optimal glycemic control is not reduced in higher insulin-resistant type 2 diabetic ESRD patients on hemodialysis. Insulin resistance plays an important role in determination of optimal insulin/ OHA dose for glycemic control after type 2 diabetic patients are progressed to ESRD.
Half-Life ; Humans ; Hypoglycemia ; Insulin Resistance* ; Insulin* ; Kidney Failure, Chronic* ; Metabolic Clearance Rate ; Renal Dialysis* ; Renal Insufficiency ; Uremia

Central venous stenosis or occlusion occurs in 11-50% of hemodialysis patients with prior subclavian vein cannulation and ipsilateral fistula or shunt. Most patients are asymptomatic but some require treatment to reduce the risk of thrombosis and improve inadequate hemodialysis pressure. In these cases, endovascular intervention, including ballooning and stenting, is a feasible strategy for selected patents. We report an unusual case of a 40-year-old man on hemodialysis that underwent endovascular stenting to treat right subclavian vein stenosis and experienced stent migration to the right ventricle, requiring surgical removal.
Adult ; Catheterization ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Fistula ; Heart Ventricles ; Humans ; Renal Dialysis ; Stents ; Subclavian Vein ; Thrombosis

BACKGROUND: Stomach cancer is the most common cancer in Korea, and it can be easily diagnosed by performing endoscopy. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is associated with stomach cancer, and there has been much recent interest in the epidemiology of stomach cancer. Therefore, we estimated the incidence of stomach cancer in Chuncheon-si during 2000-2002. METHODS: From July 1st, 2000 through June 30th, 2002, we investigated the subjects who were confined to be newly diagnosed cases living in Chuncheon-si. The data was collected from the medical records from all the medical facilities located in Chuncheon-si. RESULTS: The total number of cases of newly diagnosed stomach cancer during this period (2000-2002) was 186 (117 males and 69 females). The annual crude incidence rate of stomach cancer was estimated to be 37.0 per 100,000 persons overall, and 47.0 and 27.2 in the males and females, respectively. The annual age standardized incidence rate for the Korean population was 33.7 per 100,000 persons overall, and 42.2 and 25.1 for the males and females, respectively. The major symptoms of stomach cancer patients were epigastric pain (61.8%) and weight loss (31.2%). The proportion of early gastric cancer was 34.9% (60 among 172 persons) of the cases of stomach cancer. 64 patients (74%) were H. pylori positive. CONCLUSIONS: We report here on the estimated incidence rate of the stomach cancer and the characteristics of the stomach cancer patients in Chuncheon-si during 2000-2002. This study has generated basic epidemiologic data to identify the effect of H. pylori eradication on the future incidence rate of stomach cancer.
Endoscopy ; Epidemiology ; Female ; Gangwon-do* ; Helicobacter pylori ; Humans ; Incidence* ; Korea ; Male ; Medical Records ; Stomach Neoplasms* ; Stomach* ; Weight Loss