PURPOSE: A survey was performed to identify the level of mouthguard use, awareness, wearability issues and attitude toward mouthguard among elite Korean Taewondo athletes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Survey questionnaires were given to 152 athletes participating in the Korea National Taekwondo team selection event for the 2010 Guangzhou Asian Games. Questionnaires consisted of three sections, mouthguard awareness, reasons for not wearing mouthguard and the last section to test the level of acceptance on current mouthguard and when the identified problems were resolved. For analyzing difference among response, chi2 test was used and significant level (alpha) was set up as 0.05. RESULTS: Responses in each of items showed significant difference (P<.001). Majority of response regarding each question: Majority of respondents believed that mouthguard were effective in preventing injuries (36.4%) but the result suggested that the provision of information on mouthguard to athletes was inadequate (44.0%) and the result showed that respondents were not greatly interested or concerned in relation to the mandatory mouthguard rule (31.6%). Although the responses on the level of comfort and wearability of mouthguard were negative (34.8%), athletes were positively willing to wear mouthguard if the problems rectified (51.2%). CONCLUSION: Considering the high level of willingness to wear mouthguard if the problems rectified, it is thought that together with efforts in providing more mouthguard information, the work of sports dentistry to research and improve mouthguard will be invaluable in promoting mouthguard to more athletes.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Athletes ; Dentistry ; Humans ; Korea ; Martial Arts ; Mouth Protectors ; Sports ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Here we report a case of doxycycline-resistant tsutsugamushi meningoencephalitis. A 63-year-old man with altered mental status was diagnosed with a tsutsugamushi infection by a local clinic and administered standard doxycycline treatment for 5 days without improvement. Azithromycin treatment for 3 days dramatically improved his clinical status.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the deformation of the complete denture artificial teeth arrangement after festooning over time. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 10 wax dentures of equal teeth arrangement and equal gingival contour were used in this study. Festooning of the wax dentures were conducted and 3D model scans were conducted every 10 minutes for 120 minutes. Interdental transverse distances were measured with the scanned images. Statistical analyses were performed with SPSS Ver. 22. 0. RESULTS: Interdental transverse distance between teeth varied from 0.0999 mm to 0.1787 mm. Mean rate of deformation showed statistically significant change between the 40 – 50 minute interval and 50 – 60 minute interval and between the 50 – 60 minute interval and 60 – 70 minute interval. No statistically significant change of the mean rate of deformation was observed later on. CONCLUSION: Monitoring of the interdental transverse distance for 120 minute after festooning have shown the deformation and displacment of the artificial teeth arrangement. From after the 60 – 70 minute interval after festooning, the mean deformation showed no statistically significant change of the mean rate of deformation was observed. Within the limitations of this in vitro study results suggest that the final occlusal adjustment in wax denture before complete denture curing should be proceeded at least 60 minutes later after festooning.
Denture, Complete ; Dentures ; In Vitro Techniques ; Occlusal Adjustment ; Tooth ; Tooth Movement ; Tooth, Artificial

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The transsynaptic transfer of neurotropic viruses is an effective tool for tracing chains of connected neurons because the replication of virus in the recipient neurons after transfer amplifies the "tracer signal". The purpose of study was to identify the location of spinal nucleus of the accessory nerve and the central neural pathways using Bartha strain of Pseudorabies virus (PRV-Ba), as a transsynaptic tracer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: PRV-Ba was injected into the sternocleidomastoid muscle of a rat, and the localization of PRV-Ba in the rat spinal cord and CNS was identified with light microscopic immunohistochemistry using primary antibodies against the PRV-Ba. RESULTS: Sequential tracing of retrogradely labeled cells was done. The shapes of positive immunoreactive cells were mostly ovoid or polygonal, and were shown in the spinal nucleus of the accessory nerve, nucleus ambiguus, paraventricular nucleus, and the primary motor area of cerebral cortex. CONCLUSIONS: These results showed the location of spinal accessory nucleus and the central neural pathways of spinal accessory nerve using PRV-Ba.
Accessory Nerve* ; Animals ; Antibodies ; Cerebral Cortex ; Herpesvirus 1, Suid* ; Immunohistochemistry ; Neural Pathways* ; Neurons ; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus ; Pseudorabies* ; Rats ; Spinal Cord

Objective: To screen the fatty acid (FA) composition of 20 marine microalgae species, including seven Diophyceae, six Bacillariophyceae, four Chlorophyceae, two Haptophyceae and one Raphidophyceae species. Methods: Microalgal cells cultured at the Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology were harvested during the late exponential growth phase and the FA composition analyzed. Results: The FA composition of microalgae was species-specific. For example, seven different species of Dinophyceae were composed primarily of C14:0, C16:0, C18:0, C20:4n-6, C20:5n-3 and C22:6n-3, while C14:0, C16:0, C16:1, C18:0, C20:5n-3 and C22:6n-3 were abundant FAs in six species of Bacillariophyceae. In addition, four Chlorophyceae, two Haptophyceae and one Raphidophyceae species all contained a high degree of C16:1n-7 [(9.28-34.91)% and (34.48-35.04)%], C14:0 [(13.34-25.96)%] and [(26.69-28.24)%], and C16:0 [(5.89-29.15)%] and [(5.70-16.81)%]. Several factors contribute to the nutritional value of microalgae, including the polyunsaturated FA content and n-3 to n-6 FA ratio, which could be used to assess the nutritional quality of microalgae. Conclusions: This study is the first comprehensive assessment of the FA composition and nutritional value of microalgae species in South Korea, and identifies the potential utility of FAs as species-specific biomarkers.

The expanded endonasal approach (EEA) to the ventral skull base provides endoscopic access from the frontal sinus to the second cervical vertebra. Potential advantages of the EEA include not only improved cosmesis but more importantly, the potential for reduced neurovascular manipulation. EEA is based on the principle of extracapsular dissection with full visualization of important neurovascular structures. There are significant risks of neural and vascular injury associated with EEA, and the reconstruction of dural defects is challenging. Experienced teams including rhinologists and neurosurgeons are needed for successful implementation of EEA. The surgical team must have adequate endoscopic skills to achieve hemostasis and address vascular emergencies. Advantages of having a skilled second surgeon to provide endoscopic visualization include dynamic adjustments of the endoscope to ensure the best view and avoid contact interference of instruments, second surgical opinions in complex anatomical areas, and maintenance of endoscopic views in cases of crisis such as vascular injury. Complications of the EEA such as neurovascular injury, cerebrospinal fluid leaks and infection are the same as those of open approaches. With the advent of the nasoseptal flap, problematic cases involving huge bony defects subsequent to the resection of skull base tumors have been greatly resolved.
Dietary Sucrose ; Emergencies ; Endoscopes ; Frontal Sinus ; Hemostasis ; Reconstructive Surgical Procedures ; Sella Turcica ; Skull Base ; Spine ; Surgical Flaps ; Vascular System Injuries

Rhinoliths result from calcification of an endogenous or exogenous nidus within the nasal cavity. Patients typically present symptoms of long-standing unilateral nasal obstruction, pain and foul-smelling discharge. Rhinoliths are most often found on the floor of the nose and maxillary antrum. Rhinoliths are most often found on the floor of the nose and maxillary antrum. Rhinoliths present complications involving erosion or perforation of nasal mucosa, septum and palate. Sinusitis is a rare complication of rhinoliths. The authors experienced a case of frontal sinus rhinoliths in 36 years old man who complained of a headache and had a history of a frontal area trauma. At first we suspected it to be fungal sinusitis or mucocele, but finally confirmed it to be frontal sinus rhinolith after carrying out a frontal sinus osteoplastic operation.
Adult ; Frontal Sinus* ; Headache ; Humans ; Maxillary Sinus ; Mucocele ; Nasal Cavity ; Nasal Mucosa ; Nasal Obstruction ; Nose ; Palate ; Sinusitis

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the displacement of artificial tooth of monolithic complete denture manufactured by milling and 3D printing method in which the denture base and the artificial teeth are simultaneously made. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twelve upper and lower complete dentures for each were made by milling and 3D printing method. Group Up and Group Lp are a group of upper and lower dentures made by printing, and Group Um and Group Lm are denture groups made by milling. Group Uc and Group Lc are is a group of finally designed upper and lower dentures respectively. Measurements were performed between both central incisors (AB, ab), both canines (CD, cd), both first molars (EF, ef), between an incisor and a first molar (AE, ae), and between incisor and lingual point (AG, ag) for each upper and lower denture. RESULTS: AG and ag value between printed dentures and original ones as well as between milled dentures and original ones showed a statistically significant difference (One-way ANOVA, P<.05) in both lower and upper monolithic dentures. In the lower monolithic ones, ab, cd and ef value revealed a significant difference between Group Lp and Group Lm (One-way ANOVA, P<.05). CONCLUSION: Dentures made using milling or 3D printers revealed statistically significant difference compared with those of original data. However, it showed clinically very accurate reproducibility.
Denture Bases ; Denture, Complete* ; Dentures ; Incisor ; Methods ; Molar ; Printing, Three-Dimensional* ; Tooth, Artificial*

This study was designed to identify the ultrastructural changes of mouse endometrum during peri-implantation period and obtain the fundamental information for the establishment of 3-dimensional culture system of mouse endometrial cells in vitro. The used female ICR mice (6~8 wks) were conducted on pregnant. The biopsies were obtained from whole uterus at cycle day 1 (D1) and day 5 (D5) after hCG injection and mating. The biopsies materials were fixed 2.5% glutaraldehyde and 1% osmium tetroxide. Subsequently, for observation using light and transmission electron microscopy (LM and TEM), they were dehydrated and embedded in Epon and the embedded biopsies were sectioned and stained. For scanning electron microscypy (SEM), the fixed specimens were dehydrated, dried and coated with gold. 1)For LM, the biopsied materials at D5 (late secretory phase) were appeared the extended stromal layer by increased connective tissues and the fully developed endometrial glands and vessels compared with D1 (early secretory phase). 2) For TEM, the mouse endometrium was consisted of 3-layers, a simple polarized columnar epithelial cells, basement membrane and stromal cells. At D5, the distribution of microvilli, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi body, lipid and glycogen deposits, secretory granules and surface area of basement membrane were increased. 3) For SEM, the degree of folding and microvilli of surface of mouse epithelial cells was became more and more according to the process of secretory phase, and at D5, implantation time of mouse, the appearance of pinopodes as a specific marker of uterine receptivity was found. The uterine pinopodes of mouse were found in narrow sites at the luminal surface, irregularity and appeared the different stages in the same sample. Therefore, these results indicated that the mouse endometrium was experienced dramatic morphological changes during peri-implantation period.
Animals ; Basement Membrane ; Biopsy ; Connective Tissue ; Endometrium* ; Endoplasmic Reticulum ; Epithelial Cells ; Female ; Glutaral ; Glycogen ; Humans ; Mice* ; Mice, Inbred ICR ; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission ; Microvilli ; Osmium Tetroxide ; Phenobarbital ; Secretory Vesicles ; Stromal Cells ; Uterus

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: An understanding of the cross-sectional structures and histological features of experimental animals is necessary for conducting the research of rhinosinusitis in experimental animals. The aim of this study is to determine the most suitable cross-sectional level of rhinosinusitis in a rat model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study examined the histological features of the mucosal epithelium, gland, lymphoid tissue, and vomeronasal organs using 4 week-old male rats weighing 60-70 g as test subjects. Whole mounted sinus-nose complexes were divided into four levels of areas which were sectioned according to the coronal plane and each section was stained with hematoxylin-eosin and observed under light microscopy. RESULTS: Level I revealed the nasal turbinate, maxilloturbinale, and nasolacrimal duct. Level II revealed the nasal turbinate, maxilloturbinale, vomeronasal organ, and nasolacrimal duct. Level III revealed the ectoturbinale I, II, endoturbinale II, III, maxillary sinus, Steno's gland, maxillary sinus gland, and nasal associated lymphoid tissue (NALT). Level IV revealed the ectoturbinale II, endoturbinale III, IV, pharyx respiratorius, and NALT. The lining epithelia were squamous, respiratory and olfactory. However, the squamous epithelium was not observed in level III and IV. CONCLUSION: The Level III appears to be the most suitable for the rhinosinusitis animal rat model since we can observe the respiratory epithelium lined sinonasal airspace including the maxillary sinus and NALT.
Animals ; Epithelium ; Humans ; Lymphoid Tissue ; Male ; Maxillary Sinus ; Microscopy ; Models, Animal ; Nasal Cavity* ; Nasolacrimal Duct ; Nose ; Paranasal Sinuses* ; Rats* ; Respiratory Mucosa ; Turbinates ; Vomeronasal Organ