This study examined the relation between anger-coping types and hypertension in employed men aged 40-60 who consented to participate during the biannual physical checkup in the department of health management in 1988. The subjects analyzed were five hundred thirteen excluding those having hypertension history and/or current antihypertensive medications. Anger-coping types were constructed from the Harburg's model with two hypothetical anger-provoking situations involving wife and boss. Hypertensives were defined more than 140mmHg systolic blood pressure and/or 90mmHg diastolic blood pressure. Hypertensives were one hundred fifty two(29.6%) and those who suppressed their anger were 61.6%0 and 62.8% in wife and boss situations respectively. Items of anger, guilt, protest, and suppressed anger in wife situation showed odds ratios of 0.78-0.94 without statistical significance. But four items in boss situation showed odds ratios more than 1, especially anger-in types of anger item had 1.58 times the prevalence of hypertension of anger-out types(95% confidence intervals(CI) 1.06~2.35) and subjects who indicated that suppressed their anger had 1.55 times the prevalence of hypertension of those who expressed their anger(95% CI l.03~2.32). For anger suppressed vs. expressed types of total suppressed anger index, prevalence of hypertension was 1.31(95% CI 0.83~2.08). After adjusting for age, body mass index, smoking and drinking, the odds ratios were slightly increased in both situations except guilt items compared with univariate analysis. These results suggest that the relation between Harburg's anger-coping model and hypertension is replicated partially in this subjects.
Anger ; Blood Pressure ; Body Mass Index ; Drinking ; Guilt ; Humans ; Hypertension* ; Male ; Odds Ratio ; Prevalence ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Spouses

To determine and compare the AC/A ratio in normal subjects, the AC/A ratio was measured by three different methods;near gradient method, distant gradient method and heterophoric method. The 33 normal subjects were enrolled in this study. All of them met the following criteria:(1)no known ocular disorders such as anisometropia, strabismus, and amblyopia.;(2)refractive error under -4D and corrected visual acuity more than 0.9.;(3)stereoacuity of 40 arc sec on Titmus test. The AC/A ratio was measured under full correction of the refractive error. Ages ranged from 6 to 25 years with a mean age of 16 years. The mean refractive error of the subjects was -1.33 D in right eye and -1.38 D in left eye. The near gradient method showed a mean AC/A ratio of 3.36:1 ranging from 1.33 to 4.67 ;the distance gradient method showed a mean ratio of 1.79:1 ranging from 0.67 to 3 ;and the heterophoric method showed a mean ratio of 5.71:1 ranging from 4.13 to 9. There was no significant difference in the AC/A ratio between the sexes and in the AC/A ratio between ages less than 11 years and more than 11 years. Different AC/A ratio values were obtained using three different methods. Among the three methods, the heterophoric method tended to give a higher value than the gradient method, and the near gradint method tended to give a higher value than the distance gradient method.
Anisometropia ; Refractive Errors ; Strabismus ; Visual Acuity

There have been several reports that classical unilateral lateral rectus recession of 7-8mm obtained the high rate of undercorrection in the surgical treatment of intermittent exotropia of 15-20PD, at 4 years of age or older. We evaluated surgical correction amount, success rate between unilateral lateral rectus recession of 7-8mm and 11-12mm, and amount of abduction limiations of 11-12mm recession. Mean surgical correction amount were 9.1+/-4.5PD in 7-8mm recession group, and 14.4+/-3.0PD in 11-12mm recession group.The difference of surgical correction amount between the two groups was statistically significant(p<0.05). The percentage of undercorrection over 8PD were 66.7% in 7-8mm group, none in 11-12mm recession group. Abduction limitation was minimal in 12mm recession group. In conclusion, 11-12mm unilateral lateral rectus recession had more decreased rate of undercorrection than 7-8mm unilateral lateral rectus recession group in the treatment of intermittent exotropia of 15-20PD, at 4 years of age or older.
Exotropia*

PURPOSE: This study examines the change in distance from the corneal limbus to the insertion of the rectus muscles before and after disinsertion and retraction with a pair of fixation forceps during strabismus surgery. METHODS: In 38 strabismus patients, on 30 medial rectus muscles and 38 lateral rectus muscles, before and after disinsertion and retraction with a pair of fixation forceps, the distances from the corneal limbus to the upper, middle and lower parts of the insertion of the medial and lateral rectus muscles marked with methylene blue solution were measured. RESULTS: The distances between the corneal limbus and upper, middle and lower parts of the insertion after the disinsertion were reduced on, average 0.23 mm, 0.28 mm, and 0.18 mm, for the medial rectus muscle, respectively, and 0.21 mm, 0.28 mm, and 0.15 mm, for the lateral rectus muscle, respectively (P<0.05). The percentage of cases in which the advance from the corneal limbus to the insertion was greater than 0.5 mm was 33.3% for the medial rectus muscle, and 21.1% for the lateral rectus muscle. The lateral rectus muscle was disinserted, fixed with a pair of forceps, and subsequently, the distance from the upper, middle and lower parts to the corneal limbus were reduced to 0.36 mm, 0.43 mm, and 0.30 mm, respectively (P<0.05). The percentage of cases that advanced more than 1.0 mm was 13.2 %. The changes in distance from the upper, middle, and lower parts of insertion toward the limbus after disinsertion and retraction were 0.15 mm 0.15 mm, 0.16 mm, respectively (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: When performing the recession of the lateral rectus muscle, disinsertion of the rectus muscle, may result in a change of the site of insertion, which in turn might influence the outcome of strabismus surgery.
Humans ; Limbus Corneae ; Methylene Blue ; Muscles* ; Strabismus ; Surgical Instruments

We attempted to predict the success, undercorrection, overcorrection rate at postoperative 1 year by examining alignment at postoperative 1 day and find out the relationship between alignment of postoperative 1 day and 1year. Forty-six patients with intermittent exotropia underwent bilateral lateral rectus recession at Keimyung university, Dongsan medical center and fifty-seven patients underwent unilateral medial rectus resection and lateral rectus recession at Catholic university, St.Mary`s hospital. The alignment at postoperative 1 day was classified as the overcorrected with 11-20PD, the overcorrected with 1-10PD,the orthotropia, and the undercorrected with residual exotropia of 1-10PD. There was a statistically significant relationship between alignment at postoperative 1 day and 1 year in unilateral medial rectus resection and lateral rectus recession and bilateral lateral rectus recession (r=0.74, r=0.51, p<0.05). Those patients who were overcorrected 1-20PD had a significantly higher success rate than those undercorrected 1-10PD at postoperative 1 day (p<0.05). In the unilateral medial rectus resection and lateral rectus recession group,postoperative 1 day alignment of 1-10PD resulted in the highest success rate of 73.7%. In the bilateral lateral rectus recession group,postoperative 1 day alignment of 11-20PD showed the highest success rate of 76.9%. There were no significant differences in the success rate,undercorrection rate, and overcorrection rate between the two kinds of surgery at postoperative 1 year. As a result, the alignment at postoperative 1 day can be one of the predictive factors of future surgical outcome. The initial postoperative overcorrection of 11-20PD in bilateral lateral rectus recession and overcorrection of 1-10PD in unilateral medial rectus resection and lateral rectus recession can lead to good results.
Exotropia ; Humans

PURPOSE: We report a case of Type 3 Waardenburg syndrome accompanied by intermittent exotropia, which had not previously been encountered in Korea along with the literature study. METHODS: A 5-year-old boy visited as a result of hypochromic heterochromic iridum in the right eye. Suspecting Type 3 Waardenburg syndrome, plain radiography, a hearing test, an alternate prism cover test and fundus examinations were performed and the presence of lateral displacement of the lacrimal puntum was evaluated. RESULTS: The presence of hypochromic heterochromic iridum, dysplasia of the left thumb, sensorineural deafness, dystopia canthorum along with a lateral displacement of the lacrimal puntum, albinism of the posterior pole upon a fundus examination, and intermittent exotropia with a 20 prism diopters of deviation were found. CONCLUSIONS: This patient showed the 4 criteria for a diagnosis of Type 3 Waardenburg syndrome including hypochromic heterochromic iridum, dystopia canthorum along with lateral displacement of the lacrimal puntum, sensorineural deafness, and a muscular system abnormality, i.e., dysplasia of the left thumb. He also showed intermittent exotropia.
Albinism ; Child, Preschool ; Deafness ; Diagnosis ; Exotropia ; Hearing Tests ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; Radiography ; Thumb ; Waardenburg Syndrome*

No abstract available.
Child, Preschool* ; Humans

To investigate whether the slanted medial rectus recession can correct excess esotropia at near without overcorrection at distance and reduce the distance-near deviation difference, we examined 11 convergence excess esotropia patients who had deviation at near exceeding distance esotropia by 15PD or more, and underwent this operation. They composed of 7 partially accommodative esotropia with high AC/A ratio and 4 nonaccommdodative convergence excess esotropia. The surgical procedure consisted of bilateral, symmetrical slanted recession of the medial rectus muscle. The amount of recession of the upper and lower margins were calculated so as to correct the esotropia with correction at distance, and near respectively. The preoperative mean near and distance deviation were 33.8PD and 15PD, and each decreased to 9.2PD and 4.3PD postoperatively. The preoperative mean distance-near deviation difference were 18.8PD, and decreased to 5.4PD postoperatively. The 3 patients decreased over 10PD in the distancenear deviation difference. In conclusion, the surgical procedure, as bilateral slanted medial rectus recession, can correct excess esotropia at near without overcorrection at distance and reduce the distance-near deviation difference. Therefore, the bilateral slanted medial rectus recession may be used as the method of surgical treatment in convergence excess esotropia.
Esotropia* ; Humans ; Ocular Motility Disorders*

The evaluation of stereoacuity provides relatively accurate assessment of binocular function. However, it is difficult to perform and also the reliability rate is low in the 2-to 5-year-old age range. We investigated the over-all success rate, the success rate according to age, and efficacy with the Randot preschool stereoacuity and Lang test in the 2-to 5-year-old children of 96 patients. The overall success rate of the two stereotests were 84. 4%, 47. 4%in the 2-year-old children and more than 87%in children over 3-year-old. When children with normal binocular vision were examined with the Randot preschool stereoacuity test, mean stereoacuity was 333 arc sec in the 2-year-age group, 135 arc sec in the 3-year-age group, 48 arc sec in the 4-year-age group, and 50 arc sec in the 5-year-age group. Sensitivity and specificity of Randot preschool stereoacuity test were 100%, 94. 2%, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity of Lang test were 100%, and 92. 4% respectively. As a result, Randot preschool stereoacuity and Lang stereotests might be considered easy available and valuable test for evaluating binocular function in the 3-to 5-year-old preschool children. Moreover, the Randot preschool stereoacuity provided a relatively accurate measurement of stereoacuity in the 3-to 5-year-old age range.
Child ; Child, Preschool ; Humans ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Telescopes ; Vision, Binocular

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to identify the relationship between control grade, stereoacuity and surgical success in basic intermittent exotropia. METHODS: This retrospective study involved 44 basic intermittent exotropia patients who underwent strabismus surgery and completed at least 6 months of follow-up. The 44 patients were divided into three subgroups according to their control grade: group 1 (good control group, n = 12), group 2 (fair control group, n = 18), and group 3 (poor control group, n = 14). Evaluation was done to identify the relationships between near and distance stereoacuity and control grade, and between surgical success and control grade. Surgical success was defined as ocular alignment between 5 prism diopters esodeviation and 10 prism diopters exodeviation in the primary position at the final visit. RESULTS: Mean near stereoacuity measured by the graded circle test was 57.50 seconds of arc (seconds) in group 1, 77.77 seconds in group 2, and 131.43 seconds in group 3 (p < 0.01). Mean distance steroacuity measured by Mentor B-VAT II BVS contour circle was 108.33 seconds in group 1, 148.33 seconds in group 2, and 262.82 seconds in group 3 (p < 0.01). Ten patients (83.33%) in group 1, 12 (66.67%) in group 2, and 9 (64.29%) in group 3 obtained surgical success (p = 0.28). CONCLUSIONS: In basic intermittent exotropia, better control grade was significantly accompanied by better stereoacuity. Better control grade was accompanied by higher surgical success rate but with no statistical significance.
Child ; Child, Preschool ; Exotropia/physiopathology/*surgery ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Ophthalmologic Surgical Procedures ; Retrospective Studies ; Treatment Outcome ; *Visual Acuity