BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Eating-out among Korean people has become an important part of modern lifestyle due to tremendous growth of the food service industry and various social and economic changes. This study examined trends in meal patterns and meal sources while eating-out among Korean adults aged 19 years and older. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Data were from the 1998-2012 KNHNES (Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) by the 24-hour dietary recall method. This study included 55,718 adults aged 19 years and older. For analysis of eating-out frequency, data were categorized by source of meals and serving place. RESULTS: Average frequency of meals consumed away from home increased from 1998 to 2012, although it remained lower than that of meals at home. In addition, male, unmarried, employed, higher educated, and high income individuals more frequently consumed meals away from home. Moreover, sodium intake while eating-out significantly increased from 2,370 mg in 1998 to 2,935 mg in 2012. Lastly, percentage contributions of daily total protein intake, fat intake, and sodium intake from eating-out increased to more than half (53-55%) in 2012 compared with 47-48% in 1998. CONCLUSIONS: As eating-out has grown in popularity, greater recognition of public health and nutritional education aimed at promoting healthy food choices is needed. In addition to developing consumer education for overall healthier eating patterns, individuals who are younger, unmarried, higher educated, and males are especially at risk and require attention.
Adult* ; Eating ; Education ; Food Services ; Humans ; Korea ; Life Style ; Male ; Meals ; Nutrition Surveys* ; Public Health ; Single Person ; Sodium

BACKGROUND: Circardian variation in the onset of cardiovascular events includig sudden cardiac death, myocardial infarction and ventricular arrhythmias has been discribed. The frequency of ventricular premature complexes has also been reported to demonstrate a pattern consisting of a daytime peak and nightime nadir. We tried to see if the same circardian pattern is found in dilated cardiomyopathy patients. We have also studed how various modifying factors such as left ventricular ejection fration and ACE inhibitor use may affect the circardian pattern. METHOD: 24-hour ambulatory electrocaridiographic monitorings were performed in 50 dilated cardiomyopathy patients and 20 control subjects. Patients were prospectively divided in 2 groups based on LVEF and ACE inhibitor use. RESULTS: In dilated cardiomyopathy patients, the expected morning increase in VPC frequency is absent and show a peak in evening. This pattern is not correlated with heart rate. Evening peak is more prominent in low LVEF group and ACE inhibitor non-user group. CONCLUSION: In dilated cardiomyopathy patients, VPC frequency show a peak in the evening.
Arrhythmias, Cardiac ; Cardiomyopathy, Dilated* ; Death, Sudden, Cardiac ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Myocardial Infarction ; Prospective Studies ; Ventricular Premature Complexes*

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to analyze food consumption behavior of women by marital status based on the 2015 consumer survey data on Food Consumption Behaviors of the Korea Rural Economic Institute. METHODS: We analyzed data describing 3,312 women aged 19 ~ 75 who were the main buyers of foods in their household. The food purchase patterns, dining-out behavior, and use of food-delivery and take-out were investigated. RESULTS: Overall, 40.5% of unmarried women shopped for food once per week and 37.4% spent 200,000 ~ 400,000 won per month. Additionally, 43.1% of married women shopped 2 ~ 3 times per week and 26.6% spent 400,000 ~ 600,000 won (p < 0.0001). Dining-out frequency and one-time cost per person of dining-out for unmarried women were higher than those for married women. With delivery/take-out food frequency, 2 time per week was the highest rate among married women (34.6%) and once per week was the highest among unmarried women (31.2%) respectively. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate food consumption behaviors and trends of Korean women by marital status. This study provides basic data that will be useful for food industries establishing marketing strategies to better meet consumer demands.
Family Characteristics ; Female ; Food Industry ; Humans ; Korea ; Marital Status* ; Marketing ; Single Person

BACKGROUND: When using the data based on history, ECG and cardiac enzyme, two to eight percent of patients with acute chest pain are incorrectly perceived as being at low risk and therefore sent home mistakenly. It is known that changes of Doppler parameters appear first, before regional asynergy in 2D-echocardiography, electrocardiographic change and chest pain. however, the clinical application of Doppler information in the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction remains uncertain, especially in elderly patients. METHODS: From March 1998 to March 1999, pulsed wave Doppler echocardiography was performed in patients with acute myocardial infarction within 6 hours, and Doppler parameters were evaluated. Each Doppler parameters were compared between elderly (age > or =65) and young(age < 65) groups. RESULT: E peak velocity & E/A ratio showed significant differences between two groups(p<0.05). especially, Stroke volume, isovolumic relaxtion time & myocardial performace index showed marked difference(p<0.01). CONCLUSION: Diastolic Doppler parameters of elderly group were significantly changed than younger group. however systolic Doppler parameters were relatively preserved. Among Doppler parameters, myocardial performance index is a conceptrally new, simple and reproducible Doppler index of combined systolic and diastolic myocardial performance, and it may be useful as screening test for patients with AMI in elderly patients.
Aged ; Chest Pain ; Diagnosis ; Echocardiography, Doppler ; Electrocardiography ; Humans ; Mass Screening ; Myocardial Infarction* ; Stroke Volume

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to analyze nutrient intake and frequently consumed foods according to the intake frequency of Baechu (Chinese cabbage) kimchi by Korean adults. METHODS: Data from analysis of 7,122 subjects aged 19~64 years from 2012, 2013 KNHANES were obtained from health behavior interviews and the 24-hour dietary recall method. RESULTS: With the daily intake frequency of Baechu kimchi, subjects with two times a day were the highest proportion among total subjects. As Baechu kimchi intake frequency of breakfast, lunch, and dinner increased, the rate of skipping meals decreased significantly (p < 0.05). In addition, all food intake and daily nutrient intake increased significantly with increasing frequency of daily Baechu kimchi intake (Crude p for trend < 0.05, Adjusted p for trend < 0.05). With the frequently consumed foods by daily Baechu kimchi intake frequency in 2012 and 2013, among 509 foods top ranked foods were white rice, Baechu kimchi, beer, distilled alcoholic drink, milk, and pork. CONCLUSION: The results of this study could be used in the future to promote consumption of kimchi in the Korean population.
Adult* ; Alcoholics ; Beer ; Breakfast ; Eating ; Health Behavior ; Humans ; Korea* ; Lunch ; Meals ; Milk ; Nutrition Surveys*

PURPOSE: Because of recent global and domestic issues regarding the safety of food, there is growing concern over food safety and interest in the country-of-origin for food ingredients from restaurants. This study was conducted to reveal the influence of consumer level of knowledge and awareness regarding restaurants and the country-of-origin labeling. METHODS: To accomplish this, a primary survey of adults aged over 20 years old was conducted to measure customers' knowledge regarding country-of-origin labeling for restaurants. Respondents were then divided into a lower group and an upper group based on their level of knowledge to evaluate significant differences between groups. A total of 437 of 460 questionnaires were analyzed. RESULTS: The average knowledge score regarding country-of-origin labeling for restaurants was 6.3 out of 10. Additionally, there were significant differences between the lower and upper group in terms of the final education level and occupation. CONCLUSION: It is necessary to develop guidelines and public relations for country-of-origin labeling of restaurants.
Adult ; Education ; Food Safety ; Humans ; Occupations ; Public Relations ; Restaurants* ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: This study examined the dietary habits and nutritional status of young children in Korea. METHODS: Data were collected from the 2013 ~ 2015 KNHNES (Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) by health behavior interviews and the 24-hour dietary recall method. This study included 1,214 (445 aged 1 ~ 2 years, 769 aged 3 ~ 5 years) young children aged 1 ~ 5 years. To analyze the dietary status of young children, the general characteristics of young children and their mothers, their dietary behaviors and health factors, and nutritional status and frequently consumed foods were analyzed. RESULTS: The starting time of bovine milk and weaning were 14 ~ 15 months and 6.2 months, respectively. Eighty two percent of young children ate breakfast 5 ~ 7 times per week while only 2.3% of them skipped breakfast. The highest percentage (35.8%) of the frequency of eating-out was 5 ~ 6 times per week. The prevalence of asthma, atopy, and allergic rhinitis was significantly higher in young children 3 ~ 5 years old than in those 1 ~ 2 years old. The subjects with lower recommended energy intake were 44.1% and 57.4% of young children 1 ~ 2 years old and 3 ~ 5 years old, respectively. Most nutrients except calcium and potassium were taken enough. For the intakes of calcium and potassium, 51% and 64% of young children 1 ~ 2 years and 3 ~ 5 years old, respectively, were taking less than the recommended calcium intake, and 79.5% and 75.5% of young children 1 ~ 2 years and 3 ~ 5 years old, respectively, did not meet the recommended potassium intake. The frequently consumed foods of young children 1 ~ 2 years old were milk, white rice, apple, curd yogurt, and egg, and those of 3 ~ 5 years old children were milk, white rice, apple, egg, and mandarin. CONCLUSION: The results of this study can be used to provide basic data for the nutritional education of mothers and teachers and assist in the development of sustainable dietary programs for young children.
Asthma ; Breakfast ; Calcium ; Child* ; Education ; Energy Intake ; Food Habits ; Health Behavior ; Humans ; Korea* ; Methods ; Milk ; Mothers ; Nutrition Surveys* ; Nutritional Status ; Ovum ; Potassium ; Prevalence ; Rhinitis, Allergic ; Weaning ; Yogurt

BACKGOUND: Bupivacaine, an amide type local anesthetic, is frequently used for regional anesthesia. Bupivacaine overdose induces cardiac toxicity and directly depresses both cardiac electrophysiology and hemodynamic status. Clonidine, an imidazolin alpha-2-adrenoreceptor agonist, given prophylactically may delay the toxic manifestation of bupivacaine overdose and does not accentuate the subsequent hypotension. We studied the effect of clonidine pretreatment on bupivacaine induced cardiac toxicity. METHODS: Fourteen rabbits (seven in each group) were anesthetized with ketamine and rompun, and tracheostomy was performed. Spontaneous ventilation with room air was continued throughout the experiment. Electrocardiogram, heart rate, and invasive arterial blood pressure were continuously recorded. Clonidine 5 microgram/kg (clonidine group) or saline (control group) was injected intravenously in randomized fashion. After 15 minutes, an intravenous infusion of bupivacaine was started at 0.3 mg/kg/min. The time of occurrence of the bupivacaine-induced toxic events: first dysrhythmia, 25% and 50% reduction in basal heart rate and mean arterial pressure, and asystole were recorded. At 5, 10, 15, and 20 minutes after bupivacaine infusion, 2 ml of whole blood were withdrawn via femoral arterial catheter for determination of bupivacaine concentration. RESULTS: The threshold time at the first dysrhythmia was significantly greater in the clonidine group (27.2+/-4.5 min) than control group (19.9+/-1.2 min). The threshold times at the 25 and 50% reduction in basal heart rate were significantly greater in the clonidine group (23.7+/-5.8 min, 33.2+/-5.1 min) than control group (16.6+/-2.9 min, 22.9+/-2.8 min) and in basal mean arterial pressure were significantly greater in the clonidine group (15.6+/-2.6 min, 25.3+/-3.7 min) than control group (9.7+/-2.7 min, 16.3+/-5.8 min). The threshold time at the asystole was significantly greater in the clonidine group (38.2+/-7.7 min) than control group (28.7+/-3.4 min). At 5, 10, 15, and 20 minutes after bupivacaine infusion, there was no significant difference in the plasma bupivacaine concentration between two groups. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that clonidine pretreatment delays the cardiac toxic manifestations of bupivacaine overdose. And plasma bupivacaine concentration was not influenced by clonidine pretreatment.
Anesthesia, Conduction ; Anesthetics ; Arterial Pressure ; Bupivacaine ; Cardiac Electrophysiology ; Catheters ; Clonidine* ; Electrocardiography ; Heart Arrest ; Heart Rate ; Hemodynamics ; Hypotension ; Infusions, Intravenous ; Ketamine ; Pharmacology ; Plasma ; Rabbits ; Sympathetic Nervous System ; Tracheostomy ; Ventilation ; Xylazine

Purpose: This study examined the association of fruit and vegetable consumption with asthma in Korean adults. Methods: Data on 16,528 adults aged 19–64 were collected from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). The general characteristics of the subjects, daily food intake, and daily energy and nutrients intake were investigated according to fruit and vegetable consumption. All statistical analyses were conducted based on SAS software version 9.4. Results: The prevalence of doctor-diagnosed asthma was 2.6%, and ranged between 1.8% and 3.1% depending on fruit and vegetable consumption. As fruit and vegetable consumption increased, the individuals showed a higher average age and household income, but a lower educational level, smoking rate, and frequency of alcohol consumption. The group with higher fruit and vegetable consumption had higher intakes of all food groups without milk and dairy products and energy and nutrients than the counterpart group. For the intake rate of energy, the group with higher consumption of fruit and vegetables had a higher intake rate of carbohydrate and protein and a lower intake rate of fat. The risk rate of asthma with the third quartile group regarding fruit and vegetable consumption was 35%–40% lower than that of the first quartile group. Conclusion The results suggest that adequate consumption of fruit and vegetable will help to improve the risk of asthma. Moreover, prospective cohort studies and clinical test research are necessary to measure the effects of fruit and vegetable consumption on the occurrence of asthma.

Abscess ; Branchial Region ; Branchioma ; Clavicle ; Diagnostic Errors ; Drainage ; Epithelium ; Female ; Fistula ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Lymphoid Tissue ; Male ; Neck ; Pregnancy ; Recurrence