The purpose of the study was to develop and evaluate the reliability of a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (SFFQ) intended to measure mainly nutrient intake (energy, protein, fat, calcium and iron) related to growth in pre-schoolers in Korea. Based on foods with up to 90 cumulative percent contribution of the 5 nutrients, we developed a SFFQ for 86 foods. In order to evaluate the reliability of both nutrient and food intakes, caregivers of a sample of 101 children aged 4 to 6 years completed the SFFQ repeatedly at 3 month intervals. There were small differences in the nutrient intakes assessed by the SFFQ ranging from 0.55% to 9.91%. There were no significant differences in nutrient values calculated from the repeat questionnaires, except in the case of niacin and vitamin C. The Pearson correlation coefficients of most of the nutrients ranged form 0.54 to 0.75 (mean = 0.66). When energy intake was adjusted, there was approximately a 0.2 decrease in the correlation coefficient of most nutrients, due to the high correlation of energy intake with other nutrients (r=0.7-0.9). The amount of food intake differed by 0.1 to 66.4% (mean = 17.5%), depending on the food item. Out of 86 foods, 74 foods (86%) showed less than a 30% difference in intake and 30 foods (35%) showed less than a 10% difference. Only 6 (7%) out of the 86 foods presented statistically significant differences in intake. The Spearman correlation coefficients of most food intakes assessed repeatedly by the SFFQ ranged from 0.4 to 0.7. Reproducibility of the nutrient and food intakes found in this study was better or similar to those found in cases of Korean adults. Therefore, the SFFQ developed in the present study can be a useful tool to assess the dietary intake of pre-schoolers in Korea.
Adult ; Ascorbic Acid ; Calcium ; Caregivers ; Child* ; Eating ; Energy Intake ; Humans ; Korea* ; Niacin ; Surveys and Questionnaires

A case of urticaria pigmentosa, the first case of nodulo-bullous variety in Korea, is herein, described. A 4-mo#nth old female baby was brought: to our hospital by her mother with the presenting signs of darkish brown infiltrated macules and nodules scattered on the trunk, neck, and extremities. The first lesion was noticed by her mother as a pea sized flat macule of pinkish brown, which was seated on the right shin at birth For the period of 4 months, it has developed into multiple similar macules on the above mentioned areas, and most of them became gradually to the nodules with lichenoid surface, She also experienced frequent bullae on them and occasional facial flushing without any specific cause. A strong stroke, performed on the nodule, produced a severe whea1ing reaction followed by marked erythema around it. and facial flushing ensued, The histologic findings of the nodule revealed massive infiltration of cuboidal cells throughout the entire dermis which proved to be mast cells on toluidine blue staining. Oral administration of the reserpine and periactin proved to be effective in this case.
Administration, Oral ; Cyproheptadine ; Dermis ; Erythema ; Extremities ; Female ; Flushing ; Humans ; Korea ; Mast Cells ; Mothers ; Neck ; Parturition ; Peas ; Reserpine ; Stroke ; Tolonium Chloride ; Urticaria Pigmentosa* ; Urticaria*

Purpose: This study investigated the relationship between the risk of contamination during aseptic procedures performed by nursing students and the hairstyle type of the student performing the procedure. Methods: This study employed an observational design. The participants were 139 nursing students recruited from two colleges. Participants with short hair were assigned to the short-hair group (Group 1) without randomization. The remaining participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups: those who put their hair in a hairnet (Group 2), those who had their hair tied back (Group 3), and those who had their hair untied (Group 4). Raters used a checklist to assess participants’ performance of aseptic procedures and contamination-related behaviors. Results: Compared to the group wearing a hairnet (Group 2), more contamination occurred in the group with long hair tied back (Group 3) or not tied up (Group 4) (p<.001). Hair-related contamination risk behaviors were significantly more common in students with untied long hair (Group 4) than in the other three groups (Group 1, 2, and 3) (p<.001). Conclusion These results suggest that when performing aseptic procedures, measures are needed to prevent hair-related contamination by restraining the hair or using a hair cap.

Purpose: This study investigated the relationship between the risk of contamination during aseptic procedures performed by nursing students and the hairstyle type of the student performing the procedure. Methods: This study employed an observational design. The participants were 139 nursing students recruited from two colleges. Participants with short hair were assigned to the short-hair group (Group 1) without randomization. The remaining participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups: those who put their hair in a hairnet (Group 2), those who had their hair tied back (Group 3), and those who had their hair untied (Group 4). Raters used a checklist to assess participants’ performance of aseptic procedures and contamination-related behaviors. Results: Compared to the group wearing a hairnet (Group 2), more contamination occurred in the group with long hair tied back (Group 3) or not tied up (Group 4) (p<.001). Hair-related contamination risk behaviors were significantly more common in students with untied long hair (Group 4) than in the other three groups (Group 1, 2, and 3) (p<.001). Conclusion These results suggest that when performing aseptic procedures, measures are needed to prevent hair-related contamination by restraining the hair or using a hair cap.

Purpose: This study investigated the relationship between the risk of contamination during aseptic procedures performed by nursing students and the hairstyle type of the student performing the procedure. Methods: This study employed an observational design. The participants were 139 nursing students recruited from two colleges. Participants with short hair were assigned to the short-hair group (Group 1) without randomization. The remaining participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups: those who put their hair in a hairnet (Group 2), those who had their hair tied back (Group 3), and those who had their hair untied (Group 4). Raters used a checklist to assess participants’ performance of aseptic procedures and contamination-related behaviors. Results: Compared to the group wearing a hairnet (Group 2), more contamination occurred in the group with long hair tied back (Group 3) or not tied up (Group 4) (p<.001). Hair-related contamination risk behaviors were significantly more common in students with untied long hair (Group 4) than in the other three groups (Group 1, 2, and 3) (p<.001). Conclusion These results suggest that when performing aseptic procedures, measures are needed to prevent hair-related contamination by restraining the hair or using a hair cap.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analyze the influence of the platform switching concept on an implant system and peri-implant bone using three-dimensional finite element analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two three-dimensional finite element models for wide platform and platform switching were created. In the wide platform model, a wide platform abutment was connected to a wide platform implant. In the platform switching model, the wide platform abutment of the wide platform model was replaced by a regular platform abutment. A contact condition was set between the implant components. A vertical load of 300 N was applied to the crown. The maximum von Mises stress values and displacements of the two models were compared to analyze the biomechanical behavior of the models. RESULTS: In the two models, the stress was mainly concentrated at the bottom of the abutment and the top surface of the implant in both models. However, the von Mises stress values were much higher in the platform switching model in most of the components, except for the bone. The highest von Mises values and stress distribution pattern of the bone were similar in the two models. The components of the platform switching model showed greater displacement than those of the wide platform model. CONCLUSION: Due to the stress concentration generated in the implant and the prosthodontic components of the platform switched implant, the mechanical complications might occur when platform switching concept is used.
Crowns ; Dental Implant-Abutment Design ; Dental Implants ; Finite Element Analysis*

PURPOSE: To evaluate the degree and change in refractive error and the relation of refractive error, the angle of deviation and amblyopia in patient with refractive accommodative esotropia. METHODS: Children with refractive accommodative esotropia were retrospectively included in the study. The factor studied were sex, age at the first visit, ocular alignment, refractive error and amblyopia. RESULTS: The average age at the first visit was 4.01+/-1.86 years. And, the average angle of esodeviation was 22.23+/-13.74PD for the near and 21.51+/-12.01PD for the distant. The average manifest and cycloplegic refraction measured at patient's first visit were +2.35+/-2.87D and +4.87+/-1.77D respectively. The difference between cycloplegic and manifest refraction decreased gradually. After 3 years, the average manifest and cycloplegic refraction were +3.42+/-1.80PD and +4.33+/-1.77D. The refractive error didn't significantly affect the degree of esodeviation (r=0.051). Twenty-three of patients were amblyopia. The refraction of amblyopic and non amblyopic patient was +5.07+/-1.85D and +4.50+/-2.47D, respectively. However, this difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Mean cycloplegic refraction decreased significantly over a 3-year period. After full correction with glasses, the difference between cycloplegic and manifest refraction decreased. The refractive error was not associated with the degree of deviation anlge, amblyopia occurrence and treatment success.
Amblyopia ; Child ; Esotropia* ; Eyeglasses ; Glass ; Humans ; Refractive Errors* ; Retrospective Studies

The purpose of this study was to evaluate effects of a nutrition education focused on Food Exchange System for the higher grades elementary children. Nutrition education lessons (40 min/lesson, 4 times), '5 major nutrients and functions', '6 food groups', 'daily needed energy and food exchange units', 'good choice of snacks and balanced exercise' were provided to elementary students (5th grade students). This research was based on the data from two groups of elementary school children in the 'education' group (n = 31) and 'non-education' group (n = 31). We assessed the changes in dietary attitude, food habit and nutrition knowledge using questionnaire and nutrient intake using 24hr recall method by nutrition education using the developed pamphlet. After education, there was a significant difference in the dietary attitude score only in attitude of 'balanced meal' (p < 0.001) in the education group compared to the non-education group. In food habit, there were significant positive changes in the type of breakfast and in the priority of choosing snack in the educated group. In nutrition knowledge, there were significant increases in scores of 'function of carbohydrate' (p < 0.05), 'function of fat' (p < 0.01), 'function of vitamin' (p < 0.01), 'foods of carbohydrate' (p < 0.01), and 'foods of vitamin' (p < 0.01) in the educated group. After education,carbohydrate: protein: fat (CPF) ratio was significantly different between the two groups (education group, 59 : 16 : 26 vs. non-education group, 63 : 15 : 23). In evaluation of nutrient intake by Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (KDRIs), there were significant positive effects in energy (p < 0.05), thiamin (p < 0.05), riboflavin (p < 0.05), vitamin C (p < 0.05), phosphorus (p < 0.01), Fe (p < 0.01) and zinc (p < 0.01) in the education group compared to the non-education group. In conclusion, the developed 4 times' nutritional education pamphlet focused on individual daily energy requirements and food exchange units using food exchange system for higher grades' elementary student may positively change nutrition knowledge and dietary intakes.
Ascorbic Acid ; Breakfast ; Child ; Food Habits ; Humans ; Pamphlets ; Phosphorus ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Riboflavin ; Snacks ; Zinc

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