The Acknowledgements was published incorrectly.

Masclura tricuspidata, also called as Cudrania tricuspidata, is one of the most common Moraceae family plants in East Asia. Its trivial name follows mulberry due to the similar morphology. Investigation of the bioactive constituents of M. tricuspidata leaves yielded a new xanthone derivative along with twenty known compounds through various chromatographic techniques. A new compound was defined as mascluraxanthone (3), a prenylated xanthone glucoside on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR and MS data. Twenty known compounds were identified as four xanthone derivatives (1-2 and 4-5), two flavans (6-7), six flavanol derivatives (8-13), a flavonone (14) and seven flavonol derivatives (15-21). Among the isolated compounds, flavanol and flavonoid derivatives with 3′,4′-OH groups showed antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase activities. Conclusively, the leaves of M.tricuspidata are rich in aromatic compounds including xanthones and flavonoids. In addition, these constituents showed antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase potentials, which might be useful for oxidative stress related diseases.

OBJECTIVE: Indications for preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD)/preimplantation genetic screening (PGS) cycles and clinical outcomes were evaluated at CHA Gangnam Medical Center. METHODS: This is retrospective cohort study. All patients (n=336) who went through in vitro fertilization (IVF)-PGD/PGS cycles (n=486) between January 2014 and December 2015 were included in Fertility Center of CHA Gangnam Medical Center. Patients underwent IVF-PGD/PGS with 24-chromosome screening. Patients with euploid embryos had transfer of one or 2 embryos in a fresh cycle with any subsequent frozen embryo transfer (ET) cycle. Compared implantation, clinical pregnancy, ongoing pregnancy, and early abortion rates were the main outcome measures. RESULTS: The most common indication for PGD/PGS was recurrent spontaneous abortion (n=160). The chromosome rearrangement cases (n=116) included 24 Robertsonian translocations, 60 reciprocal translocations, 3 inversions, 2 deletions, 4 additions, and 23 mosaicisms. PGS cases rather than the PGD cases showed higher implantation rates (26.4% vs. 20.3%), ongoing pregnancy rates (19.5% vs. 16.4%), and clinical pregnancy rates (28.6% vs. 23.3%). Implantation rates (30.3% vs. 23.7%), clinical pregnancy rates (39.2% vs. 25.2%), and ongoing pregnancy rates (25.7% vs. 17.5%) were significant higher in the blastocyst evaluation group than cleavage stage evaluation group. CONCLUSION: This was the largest study of PGD/PGS for 2 years at a single center in Korea. The pregnancy outcomes of PGD cases are slightly lower than PGS cases. It was confirmed again that success rate of PGD/PGS is higher if biopsy was done at blastocyst than cleavage stage.
Abortion, Induced ; Abortion, Spontaneous ; Biopsy ; Blastocyst ; Cohort Studies ; Diagnosis ; Embryo Transfer ; Embryonic Structures ; Female ; Fertility ; Fertilization in Vitro ; Genetic Testing ; Humans ; Korea ; Mass Screening ; Outcome Assessment (Health Care) ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Outcome ; Pregnancy Rate ; Preimplantation Diagnosis ; Prostaglandins D ; Retrospective Studies

In this study, we aimed to evaluate the economic loss due to the diagnosis of breast cancer within the female South Korean working-age population. A population-based cost analysis was performed for cancer-related diagnoses between 1999 and 2014, using respective public government funded databases. Among the five most common cancers, breast cancer mortality was strongly associated with the growth in gross domestic product between 1999 and 2014 (R=0.98). In the female population, breast cancer represented the greatest productivity loss among all cancers, which was a consequence of the peak in the incidence of breast cancer during mid-working age in the working-age population, in addition to being the most common and fastest growing cancer among South Korean women. Our study shows that breast cancer not only represents a significant disease burden for individual patients, but also contributes a real, nonnegligible loss in productivity in the South Korean economy.
Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Costs and Cost Analysis ; Diagnosis ; Efficiency ; Employment ; Epidemiology* ; Female* ; Financial Management ; Gross Domestic Product ; Humans ; Incidence ; Mortality ; Quality of Life

PURPOSE: In South Korean ferry disaster in 2014, the captain abandoned the ship with passengers including high school students still aboard. We noticed the resemblance of abandoning the ship with passengers still aboard the ferry (named the Sewol) and the ship Patna, which was full of pilgrims, in Joseph Conrad's novel "Lord Jim." The aim of this study is to see how medical students think about the role of a medical doctor as a captain of a ship by analyzing book reports on Conrad's "Lord Jim." METHODS: Participants included 49 third-year medical students. Their book reports were analyzed. RESULTS: If placed in the same situation as the character of Jim, 24 students of the 49 respondents answered that they would stay with the passengers, while 18 students indicated they would escape from the ship with the crew. Most of the students thought the role of a doctor in the medical field was like that of a 'captain.' The medical students reported that they wanted to be a doctor who is responsible for his or her patients, highly moral, warm-hearted, honest, and with high self-esteem. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, we found that "Lord Jim" induced the virtue of 'responsibility' from the medical students. Consequently, "Lord Jim" could be good teaching material for medical humanities.
Surveys and Questionnaires ; Disasters ; Humanities ; Humans ; Ships* ; Students, Medical ; Teaching Materials ; United Nations ; Virtues

No abstract available.
Epstein-Barr Virus Infections ; Guillain-Barre Syndrome* ; Herpesvirus 4, Human* ; Humans

BACKGROUND: Intravascular ultrasound(IVUS) provides high resolution cross-sectional images of the vessels and permits the quantiative and qualitative assessment of coronary artery disease. Stent is a figid endovascular lattice that effectively prevents elastic recoil at treated sites, but in-stent restenois is a major limitation. The purpose of thecurrent study is to assess the contribution of neointimal hyperplasia for in-stent restenosis and the distribution and morphological characteristics of neointimal hyperplasia in deployed stents. METHODS: Thirty patients(male 25 & female 5;31 leions) deployed with intracoronary stents underwent intravascular ultrasound imaging at follow-up at least 4 months after stenting ([mean+/-SD] 8.3+/-2.9 months). RESULTS: 1) In-stent restenosis occurered in 15 lesions out of 31 lesions at follow-up coronary angiography. There was no difference in clinical characteristics between the restenotic and the non-restenotic groups. 2) There was no difference in angiographic profiles between two groups. Deployed stents were as follows ; 16 Palmaz-Schatz(P-S) stents, 12 Gianturco-Roubin(G-R) stents, 2 Cordis stents, and I Microstent II. Average diameter of stents in the restenotic and the non-restenotic groups were 3.07+/-0.26mm and 3.16+/-0.30mm, respectively(p=0.38). 3) There was no difference of stent cross-sectional areas(CSA) between the non-restenotic and the restenotic groups(p=0.476), but luminal CSA of the restenotic group was significantly smaller than that of the non-restenotic group(p=0.006). 4) In the restenotic group, there were no differences of the maximal and the minimal diameters of stents, and the mean CSAs of stents smong proxiaml, mid and distal segments. But the mean CSA of neointimal hyperplasia at the mid segment was larger than that at the distal segment(p<0.05). There was a tendency thatthe mean CSA of neointimal hyperplasia at the mid segment was larger than that at the proximal segment(p=0.187). These findings were the same in the non-restenotic group. 5) In the restenotic group deployed with P-S stents, there were no differences of the maximal and the minimal diameters of stents, and the mean cross-sectional areas(CSA) of stents between each segment. But, the mean CSA of neointimal hyperplasia at the mid segment was larger than that at the distal segment(p<0.005) and there was a tendency that the mean CSA of neointimal hyperplasia at the mid segment was larger than that at the proximal segment(p=0.354). 6) In the morphology of neointimal hyperplasia of the restenotic group, eccentric form(77%) was more common than concentric form(22%). Neointimal hyperplasia occurred in focal or diffuse patterns(7 versus 8 cases). CONCLUSIONS: In-stent restenosis resulted from neointimal hyperplasia which almost mainly occurred eccentrically at the mid segment of stents and in focal or diffuse patterns. Intravascular ultrasound imaging was a useful method for recognition of distribution and morphological characteristics of neointimal hyperplasia at follow-up of deployed stents.
Coronary Angiography ; Coronary Artery Disease ; Coronary Vessels* ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Hyperplasia* ; Phenobarbital ; Stents* ; Ultrasonography*

BACKGROUND: Dysmenorrhea is the most common gynecologic complaint among adolescent females. We investigated the association between genetic polymorphisms and dysmenorrhea. METHODS: A total of 202 postmenarcheal Korean female adolescents 16-17 yr old participated in this study. Genotyping for glutathione S-transferase mu 1 (GSTM1), glutathione S-transferase theta 1 (GSTT1), glutathione S-transferase pi 1 (GSTP1), and estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) was performed using PCR-based methods. RESULTS: The PP+Pp genotype of the ESR1 gene was more frequent than pp genotypes in subjects with dysmenorrhea than in subjects without dysmenorrhea (odds ratio=2.440; 95% confidence interval, 1.036-5.753; P=0.040) using an unadjusted univariate logistic regression analysis. The relationship between dysmenorrhea and ESR1 gene polymorphisms remained significant after adjustment for premenstrual syndrome, years elapsed after menarche, and family history of dysmenorrhea. No significant difference was observed between subjects with dysmenorrhea and subjects without dysmenorrhea for polymorphisms of GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 genes. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that ESR1 gene polymorphisms may be associated with dysmenorrhea.
Adolescent ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group/genetics ; Dysmenorrhea/*genetics ; Estrogen Receptor alpha/*genetics ; Female ; Genotype ; Glutathione S-Transferase pi/*genetics ; Glutathione Transferase/*genetics ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Odds Ratio ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Republic of Korea

OBJECTIVE: To analyze menstrual problems, as well as various factors that affect the PMS (premenstrual syndrome) and dysmenorrhea on Korean female teenagers. METHODS: We analyzed menstrual problems, PMS, and dysmenorrhea based on the survey answered by 400 high school girls (17~18 years old) from randomly chosen schools in Seoul. Final respondents to a questionnaire were 327 students. RESULTS: The prevalence of PMS was reported by 63.0 % (206 people), and dysmenorrhea by 78.3 % (256 people). PMS was strongly linked to dysmenorrhea (P=0.000). The severity of PMS was correlated with normality of menstrual duration (P=0.034) and familial history (P=0.012). In the case of dysmenorrhea, the presence of dysmenorrhea was significantly high among the group with two years after menarche (P=0.003). Also the severity was positively correlated with normality of menstrual duration (P=0.017) and familial history (P=0.000). PMS and dysmenorrhea have no correlation with body mass index. Although PMS had a correlation with depression (P=0.020), it was not related to dysmenorrhea. CONCLUSIONS: There was a correlation between PMS and dysmenorrhea. For PMS, it had a correlation with menstrual duration, familial history and depression. Dysmenorrhea was highly frequent among the group with two years after menarche. Though it was correlated with normal menstrual duration and familial history, it did not have any correlation with depression.
Adolescent ; Body Mass Index ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Depression ; Dysmenorrhea ; Female ; Humans ; Menarche ; Premenstrual Syndrome ; Prevalence ; Surveys and Questionnaire

Thrombosis of venous channels in the brain is not a common cause of cerebral infarction relative to arterial disease but is an important consideration because of its variable clinical features and potential morbidity. It is very often unrecognized at initial presentation. The diagnostic modality is brain imaging with magnetic resonance venography. An empty-delta sign appears on a contrast CT scan as enhancement of the collateral vein in the superior sagittal sinus wall surrounding a nonenhanced thrombus in the sinus. However, the sign is frequently absent. Heparin should be considered in the management of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST). We report a case of CVST in a 59-year-old woman that presented initially as a headache and was diagnosed after several visits to clinics.
Brain ; Cerebral Infarction ; Female ; Headache ; Heparin ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Neuroimaging ; Phlebography ; Sinus Thrombosis, Intracranial* ; Superior Sagittal Sinus ; Thrombosis ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Veins