The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of nutrition education program and pamphlet for the lower grades elementary students focused on individual daily needed food exchange units using Food Exchange System. Program consisted of four lessons (40 min/lesson), "5 major nutrients & function", "6 food group and sources", "daily needed food exchange units for normal body weight", and "smart snack choice and exercise". Pamphlet as activity book was developed for the program. The subjects were 3rd grade elementary students (educated group, 31 vs. non-educated group, 31). Educated group were lessoned as group and/or individual. We examined the differences in nutrition knowledge, dietary attitudes, dietary intakes and satisfaction of the program and pamphlet. In educated group, there were positive improvements on nutrition knowledge score "function and foods of 5 nutrients" and on dietary attitudes "type of breakfast and snacks". In the evaluation of dietary intakes according to KDRI, there were positive improvements on intakes level of riboflavin, vit. C, folate, Ca, P, Fe and Zn in educated group. In satisfaction with the program and pamphlet, contents, font size, visual, figure, difficulty and program curriculum were over 2.90/3.0. It showed that the developed nutrition education program and pamphlet focused on individual daily needed food exchange units using Food Exchange System improved nutrition knowledge, dietary attitudes and nutrients intake level in the lower grades elementary students.
Breakfast ; Curriculum ; Folic Acid ; Humans ; Pamphlets ; Riboflavin ; Snacks

No Abstract Available.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of a capsular tension ring (CTR) on the tilting and decentration of intraocular lenses (IOLs) after cataract surgery. METHODS: Cataract surgery was performed on both eyes of twenty patients ranging from 57 to 75 years old. Forty eyes were divided into two groups based on whether or not a CTR (Lucid Korea, Korea) was implanted. Each patient received a CTR in one eye. All IOLs (MA60BM, Acrysof R , Alcon) were implanted into the capsular bag after a continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis smaller than the optic size of the IOL, and phacoemulsification was performed. The extent of tilting and decentration of the IOLs were measured with the EAS-1000 anterior eye segment analysis system at 7, 30, and 60 days after surgery. RESULTS: IOL decentration decreased to a statistically significant extent in the eyes implanted with both IOL and CTR, versus those with IOL only. The values of CTR+IOL group were: 0.38+/-0.16 mm at 7 days, 0.43+/-0.15 mm at 30 days, and 0.42+/-0.17 mm at 60 days. The IOL-only group values were: 0.49+/-0.11mm at 7 days, 0.53+/-0.14 mm at 30 days, and 0.57+/-0.16 mm at 60 days. IOL tilting also decreased significantly in the IOL+CTR group compared to the IOL-only group. The CTR+IOL values were: 2.22+/-0.46 degrees at 7 days, 2.36+/-0.50 degrees at 30 days, and 2.47+/- 0.40 degrees at 60 days. The IOL-only group values were: 3.14+/-0.65 degrees at 7 days, 2.91+/-0.67 degrees at 30 days, and 3.06+/-0.56 degrees at 60 days. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that the CTR reduces undesirable post-surgical movement of the IOL for at least 60 days.
Aged ; Anterior Eye Segment ; Capsulorhexis ; Cataract* ; Humans ; Korea ; Lenses, Intraocular* ; Phacoemulsification

OBJECTIVES: Many chronic schizophrenics are suffered from treatment-refractory hallucinations. As a countermeasure, the combined use of neuroleptics and benzodiazepines has been studied. In this context, the authors tried to evaluate the anti-hallucinatory effect of neuroleptics-clonazepam combination therapy. METHODS: At first, the authors described 3 cases of chronic schizophrenics who reported alleviation of hallucinations, which are resistant to neuroleptic treatment, after adding clonazepam. And then, prospective open study including 6 female chronic schizophrenic inpatients having neuroleptic-refractory hallucinations was done. In addition to existing psychiatric medication, these patients were treated with clonazepam 1.5 mg for 6weeks and evaluated at 5 points ; at baseline, and 1, 2, 4 and 6 weeks of treatment. The psychopathology was assessed by the items of hallucinatory behavior and anxiety/tension of PANSS and BPRS. Clinical improvement was defined by fall-off of the hallucinatory behavior below the moderate level. The side effects were assessed by UKU Side Effect Rating Scale. RESULTS: All patients completed 6 weeks' trial. At the end of 6 weeks, 2 (33.3%) of 6 patients showed decrement of the hallucinatory behavior below the moderate level, when evaluated by PANSS and BPRS. However, the courses of anti-hallucinatory effect were different in these 2 patients. Another one patient showed that the hallucinatory behavior assessed by BPRS fell to the moderate level, but not when assessed by PANSS. The item of anxiety/tension was unchanged in all 6 patients. Except very mild sedation in one patient, there was no side effect. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that neuroleptics-clonazepam combination therapy is effective against treatment-refractory hallucinations in some schizophrenics and generally safe.
Antipsychotic Agents ; Benzodiazepines ; Clonazepam* ; Female ; Hallucinations* ; Humans ; Inpatients ; Prospective Studies ; Psychopathology ; Schizophrenia

OBJECTIVE: Whereas fusion with pedicle screw fixation has shown satisfactory clinical results, solid fusion has been reported to accelerate degenerative changes in adjacent unfused levels. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of bone/ligament/bone integrity after subtotal or total laminectomies on the development of adjacent segment instability (ASI). The hypothesis that total laminectomy would increase ASI more than would subtotal laminectomy was analyzed. Material and METHODS: This is a retrospective study of 316 patients who were treated with posterior fusion and pedicle screw fixation between 1996 and 2001. After attempts to review all 316 patients and radiologic files, 36 patients who were diagnosed with ASI were carefully reviewed, including follow-up periods of 2-8 years. The medical records were carefully reviewed for recurrence of low back pain or neurologic symptoms after a period of postoperative relief, and the radiologic files were evaluated to determine instability. All patients had undergone single-level or multilevel instrumented posterior lumbar interbody fusion for intractable pain related to degenerative conditions of the spine. RESULTS: Patients over the age of 60 were at a higher risk of developing clinical ASI however,fusion length, level and gender were not associated with ASI. The ASI was noted to occur most commonly in the cranial segment prior to fusion. CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed more frequent ASI after total laminectomy than after subtotal laminectomy, especially in elderly patients. The ideal procedure will be one combining maximal canal and foraminal decompressions with minimal resection of bony structures and supporting ligaments.
Aged ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Laminectomy ; Ligaments ; Low Back Pain ; Medical Records ; Neurologic Manifestations ; Pain, Intractable ; Recurrence ; Retrospective Studies ; Spine

In July 2012, philometrid nematodes were discovered in cultured rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli) in Cheonsuman (Bay), the Republic of Korea. The nematodes were detected in the epithelial tissues of the rockfish and were identified as Clavinema mariae based on morphological studies using light and scanning electron microscopy. They revealed the characteristics same as previously identified C. mariae, notably having a long body with narrow posterior half, no caudal projection, a cylindrical-shaped esophagus, a well-developed anterior bulbous part of the esophagus, cephalic papillae, and a dorsal esophageal gland. This is the first confirmation of C. mariae infection in rockfish in Korea.
Esophagus ; Korea ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Republic of Korea*

BACKGROUND: Bronchoscopy has been widely used for a histologic diagnosis through a transbronchial lung biopsy or for staging of patients with peripheral lung cancer. However a transthoracic needle aspiration (TTNA) has been used more widely for a histologic diagnosis in patient with a small size nodule or a nodule located in the outer portion of the lung because of the low diagnostic yield of bronchoscopy in these cases. The role of bronchoscopy for staging is not well established in patients with peripheral lung cancer diagnosed by a TTNA or patients who are undergoing surgery without a histologic diagnosis. METHOD: To evaluate the role of bronchoscopy for the staging in patients with peripheral lung cancer, who were diagnosed by TTNA, the medical records of 86 patients with peripheral lung cancer who underwent bronchoscopy at Kyungpook National University Hospital between January 1995 and May 1997 were reviewed. RESULTS: While 53 cases had normal bronchoscopic findings, 33 cases had abnormal bronchoscopic findings comprising 9 cases of tumor, 10 cases of infiltration and 14 cases of compression of which there were 25 cases of T1 and 8 T2 endoscopically. The bronchoscopic staging did not influence the changes of the clinical stage of lung cancer. The frequencies of bronchial involvement tended to increase as the sizes of the nodule increased. Among the 42 patients who underwent surgery, 9 patient staged higher after operation because of lymph node involvement in 8 patients and the involvement of the pulmonary artery in 1 patient. No case staged above after operation due to a bronchial invasion. CONCLUSION: These findings suggests that bronchoscopy is not useful for staging in patients with peripheral lung cancer diagnosed by a TTNA.
Biopsy ; Bronchoscopy* ; Diagnosis ; Gyeongsangbuk-do ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms* ; Lung* ; Lymph Nodes ; Medical Records ; Needles ; Pulmonary Artery

PURPOSE: To compare the CT findings of mycobacterial infection other than tuberculosis (MOTT) with those of tuberculosis (TB). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The chest CT scans of 30 immunocompetent patients with culture-proven pulmonary MOTT (M:F=11:19; mean age, 51.2 yrs.) and of 24 patients with active tuberculosis (M:F=12:12; mean age, 42.5 yrs.) were analyzed by two radiologists; decisions were reached by consensus. RESULTS: Common findings for both MOTT and TB included bronchogenicaly-spread bronchogenic spread nodular lesion (93.3% for MOTT, 100 % for TB), bronchiectasis (90%, 83.3%), bronchial wall thickening (66.7%, 54.2%), granuloma (63.3%, 75%), parenchymal scarring (53.3%, 54.2), and mediastinal lym-phadenopathy (50%, 37.5 %). Less commonly observed findings were emphysema (46.7%, 29.7%), atelectasis (36.7%, 29.2%), narrowing of a major airway (23.3%, 25%), consolidation (23.3 %, 29.2 %), and pleural disease (16.7%, 29.2%). Except for cavity (30%, 53.3%; p< .05), the frequencies of each finding were not right middle lobe (40%, 16.7%), right lower lobe (63.3%, 33.3%) and lingula division (53.3 %, 25%) was sig-nificantly more common in MOTT than in TB (p < .05). The number of lobes in which bronchiectasis and bronchial wall thickening were involved was greater in MOTT(3.20) than in TB(2.04) (p=.011). CONCLUSION: Although the CT findings of MOTT and TB overlap considerably, cavities are more common in TB, while in MOTT, bronchiectasis in the lower lung zone is more common and bronchiectasis tends to be more extensive.
Bronchiectasis ; Cicatrix ; Consensus ; Emphysema ; Granuloma ; Humans ; Lung ; Pleural Diseases ; Pulmonary Atelectasis ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Tuberculosis*

Enterobacter sakazakii previously known as a 'yellow-pigmented Enterobacter cloacae', was designated as a unique species in 1980. This reclassification was based on differences from E. cloacae in DNA relatedness, pigment production and biochemical reactions. In 1961, Urmenyi and Franklin reported the first two known cases of neonatal meningitis and septicemia caused by E. sakazakii, although at that time it was still considered as an E. cloacae strain. Since 1961, a number of cases of neonatal infection caused by E. sakazakii have been reported worldwide. Usually newborn with E. sakazakii meningitis have a poor prognosis, many of them dying within days of infection. The reported case-fatality rate vary from 40-80%. We diagnosed and experienced a case of epidural abscess caused by E. sakazakii in a 1 month old male patient, who was asymptomatic with brain mass detected on brain ultrasound examination. We presented this case with a brief review of literatures.
Brain ; Cloaca ; Cronobacter sakazakii* ; DNA ; Enterobacter* ; Epidural Abscess* ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn* ; Male ; Meningitis ; Prognosis ; Sepsis ; Ultrasonography

The authors examined 3,169 fecal specimens from inhabitants of seven localities such as City, Eups and Myons in Cheju Do on July 1970 with cellophane thick smear technique. The results were analysed and summarized as follows: The overall egg positive rate of helminths was 82.2% and it was attributed to high rates of soil-transmitted helminths as in case of other parts in Korea. The infection rates of each species were; A. lumbricoides 44.3%, T. trichiurus 65.6%, hookworm 1.5%, T. orientalis 0.8%, C. sinensis 0.2%, P. westermani 0.4%, M. yokogawai 0.9%, Taenia sp. 12.7% and H. nana 1.4%. The infection rates of soil-transmitted helminths were relatively lower than those of mainland Korea especially in case of hookworm and T. orientalis. The proportion of unfertilized ova passers among the Ascaris infected case was 22.1%. The ova of heterophyids, most probably Metagonimus yokogawai were detected in lower percentage but discovered throughout the localities surveyed and in all age groups. It is certainly presumed that Metagonimus infection is autochthonous. The most interesting results were obtained in Taenia sp. infection and the higher rates were shown in rural area than in urbanized areas. The positive rates were within 5% in childhood and adolescence but abruptly increased up to 36.4 % in adults.
parasitology-helminth-nematoda-trematoda-cestoda ; Ascaris lumbricoides ; Trichuris trichiura ; hookworm ; Trichostrongylus orientalis ; Clonorchis sinensis ; Paragonimus westermani ; Metagonimus yokogawai ; Taenia sp. ; Hymenolepis nana